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Although corals first appeared in the Cambrian period, some 570 million years ago, they are extremely rare as fossils until the Ordovician period, when Rugose and Tabulate corals became widespread. Tabulate corals occur in the limestones and calcareous shales of the Ordovician and Silurian periods, and often form low cushions or branching masses alongside Rugose corals. Their numbers began to decline during the middle of the Silurian period and they finally became extinct at the end of the Permian period. The skeletons of Tabulate corals are composed of a ...

See also:

Coral, Coral - Coral types, Coral - Geological history, Coral - Environmental effects on coral, Coral - Uses

Read more here: » Coral: Encyclopedia II - Coral - Geological history

An apparatus may be one of the following: A machine. A fire engine or fire truck. Reference tools added to a book, apart from the text, such as variant readings or translations, textual notes, a concordance, a bibliography, or an index, designed for the use of scholars studying the book. One or more pieces of equipment on or with which gymnastics is performed. Other related archivesReference, bibliography, book, concordance, fire engine or fire t

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The name AltaVista refers both to an Internet search engine company and to that company's search engine product. The engine, whose name means "a view from above" or "high view", originated in 1995 with scientists at Digital Equipment Corporation's Research lab in Palo Alto, California, and was intended to showcase the speed of the company's Alpha servers. It was for that reason originally launched at altavista.digital.com. They devised a method to store every word of every HTML page on the Internet in a fast, searchable index. This led to AltaVista's development of the first searchable, full-text ...

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I is the ninth letter in the Latin alphabet. I - History. The letter I derived from the Greek iota (Ι, ι). It stood for the vowel /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek) /j/ (as English Y in YOKE) was added. In Semitic, /j/ was the usual sound value of Jôd (probably originally a pictogram for an arm with hand), /i/ only in foreign words. In English, I represents different sounds, among them a diphthong that developed from /i:/ as well as short, open /I/ as in BIL ...

Including:

• I - History
• I - Alternative representations
• I - Computing
• I - Meanings for I

Read more here: » I: Encyclopedia - I

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardized index of the air quality in a given location, given in parts per billion. It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count), but may also include sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide. Various agencies around the world measure such indices, though definitions may change between places. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Meteorological S ...

Including:

• Air Quality Index - Other Indexes

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The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. It is also commonly referred to as the Asian currency crisis or locally as the IMF crisis although the latter is somewhat controversial. Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand were the countries most affected by the crisis. Hong Kong, Malaysia, Laos and the Philippines were also hit by the slump. Mainland C ...

Including:

• Asian financial crisis - History
• Asian financial crisis - Thailand
• Asian financial crisis - Philippines
• Asian financial crisis - Hong Kong
• Asian financial crisis - South Korea
• Asian financial crisis - Malaysia
• Asian financial crisis - Indonesia
• Asian financial crisis - Singapore
• Asian financial crisis - People's Republic of China
• Asian financial crisis - The United States and Japan
• Asian financial crisis - Laos
• Asian financial crisis - Myanmar
• Asian financial crisis - Consequences
• Asian financial crisis - External Reference

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Reason is a term used in philosophy and other human sciences to refer to the higher cognitive faculties of the human mind. It describes a type of thought or aspect of thought, especially abstract thought, and the ability to think abstractly, which is felt to be especially human. The concept of reason is connected to language, as reflected in the meanings of the Greek word "logos", later to be translated by Latin "ratio" and then French "raison", from which the English word is derived. Indeed it has often been held that h ...

Including:

• Reason - Reason and logic
• Reason - Reason versus logic
• Reason - Reason as logic
• Reason - Reason and faith

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In computer science, a pointer is a programming language datatype whose value refers directly to ("points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its address. Obtaining the value that a pointer refers to is called dereferencing the pointer. A pointer is a simple implementation of the general reference datatype (although it is quite different from the facility referred to as a reference in C++). Pointers are so commonly used as references that sometimes people use the word "pointer" to refe ...

Including:

• Pointer - Architectural roots
• Pointer - Uses
• Pointer - Examples of use
• Pointer - Typed pointers and casting
• Pointer - Making pointers safer
• Pointer - The null pointer
• Pointer - Wild pointers
• Pointer - Examples
• Pointer - Support in various programming languages
• Pointer - Ada
• Pointer - C/C++
• Pointer - C#
• Pointer - D
• Pointer - Modula-2
• Pointer - Oberon
• Pointer - Pascal

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Commensurability mathematics - Commensurability in general. Generally, two quantities are commensurable if both can be measured in the same units. For example, a distance measured in miles and a quantity of water measured in gallons are incommensurable. A time measured in weeks and a time measured in minutes are commensurable because a week is a constant number of minutes (10080), so that one can convert between the two units by multiplying or dividing by 10080. Commensurabilit ...

Including:

• Commensurability mathematics - Commensurability in general
• Commensurability mathematics - Commensurability in mathematics

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In group theory, a cyclic group is a group that can be generated by a single element, in the sense that the group has an element a (called a "generator" of the group) such that, when written multiplicatively, every element of the group is a power of a (or na when the notation is additive). That is, we say G is cyclic if G = { an for any integer n }. Since any group generated by an element in a group is a subgroup of that group, showing that the only subgroup of a group G that contains a is ...

Including:

• Cyclic group - Properties
• Cyclic group - Examples
• Cyclic group - Representation
• Cyclic group - Subgroups
• Cyclic group - Endomorphisms

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In mathematics, a combinadic is an ordered integer partition, or composition. Combinadics provide a lexicographical index for combinations. Applications for combinadics include software testing, sampling, quality control, and the analysis of gambling games such as Canada's national 6/49 lottery. For definiteness, we will consider the k-combinations on the set S = {0, 1, ..., n − 1} of the first n integers starting from 0. Recall that there are C(n,k) = n! / ( k ...

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Cinnabar (German Zinnober), sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion, the common ore of mercury. The name comes from the Greek, used by Theophrastus, and was probably applied to several distinct substances. Other sources say the word comes from the Persian zinjifrah, originally meaning "lost". Cinnabar was mined by the Roman Empire for its mercury content and it has been the main ore of mercury throughout the centuries. Some mines used by the Rom ...

Including:

• Cinnabar - Of note

Read more here: » Cinnabar: Encyclopedia - Cinnabar

In mathematical analysis, a Cauchy sequence, named after Augustin Cauchy, is a sequence whose elements become close as the sequence progresses. To be more precise, by dropping a finite number of elements from the start of the sequence we can make the distance between any two remaining elements arbitrarily small. Cauchy sequences require the notion of distance so they can only be defined in a metric space. Generalizations to more abstract uniform spa ...

Including:

• Cauchy sequence - Cauchy sequence in a metric space
• Cauchy sequence - Formal definition
• Cauchy sequence - Completeness
• Cauchy sequence - Other properties
• Cauchy sequence - Cauchy sequences in topological vector spaces
• Cauchy sequence - Cauchy sequences in groups

Read more here: » Cauchy sequence: Encyclopedia - Cauchy sequence

In computer programming, an array, also known as a vector or list, is one of the simplest data structures. Arrays hold a series of data elements, usually of the same size and data type. Individual elements are accessed by index using a consecutive range of integers, as opposed to an associative array. Some arrays are multi-dimensional, meaning they are indexed by a fixed number of integers, for example by a tuple of four integers. Generally, one- and ...

Including:

• Array - Advantages and disadvantages
• Array - Uses
• Array - Indices into arrays
• Array - Multi-dimensional arrays

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253, or Tube Theatre is a novel by Geoff Ryman, originally created as a website in 1996 ( http://www.ryman-novel.com/ ), then published as a paper book titled 253: The Print Remix in 1998. The print version won a Philip K. Dick Memorial Award. It is about the interactions between 253 people on a Tube train traveling between Embankment station and Elephant & Castle on January 11, 1995. The basic structure of the novel is explained in this quote from the foreword: There are seven carriages on a Bakerloo Line train, each with 36 seats. A train in which every passenger has a seat will c ...

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Scleractinia Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria; class Anthozoa) existing as small sea anemone-like polyps, typically forming colonies of many individuals. The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly Madreporaria). The latter are also known as stony corals in as much as the living tissue thinly covers a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. A coral "head" is ...

Including:

• Coral - Coral types
• Coral - Geological history
• Coral - Environmental effects on coral
• Coral - Uses

Read more here: » Coral: Encyclopedia - Coral

The following simple interpreter program is written using BASIC. When compiled using the QuickBASIC compiler it is a straightforward interpreter but when run on the QBASIC interpreter, it is an example of an interpreted interpreter. DECLARE SUB SplitFirst (aFirst AS STRING, aRest AS STRING) LET Q$ = "TESTPROG.TXT" LET F = FREEFILE OPEN Q$ FOR INPUT AS #F DO WHILE NOT EOF(F) LINE INPUT #F, FileInput$ LET FileInput$ = LTRIM$(FileInput$) SplitFirst KeyWord$, FileInput$ SELECT CASE KeyWord$ CASE "-" SplitFirst KeyWord$, F ...

See also:

Interpreter computing, Interpreter computing - Example of a simple interpreter, Interpreter computing - Punched card interpreter

Read more here: » Interpreter computing: Encyclopedia II - Interpreter computing - Example of a simple interpreter

Little is known of his life. Two dates can be cited: in 1326, he was granted a license to hear confessions in the diocese of Hereford, and in 1352, that license was granted to another Dominican, presumably after Bromyard's death. There is evidence in his works that he had served in the diocese of Llandaff in South Wales, and he shows familiarity with customs and circumstances in France and Italy. But because the Dominicans were an international order with lively internal communication, this cannot be taken as proof that he had travelled abroad. He was evidently tr ...

See also:

John Bromyard, John Bromyard - Life, John Bromyard - Working Methods, John Bromyard - Influence, John Bromyard - Works, John Bromyard - Surviving Works, John Bromyard - Lost Works

Read more here: » John Bromyard: Encyclopedia II - John Bromyard - Life

In English, the semicolon has two main purposes: It binds two sentences more closely than they would be if separated by a full stop or period. It often replaces a conjunction such as and or but. A writer might consider this appropriate where they are trying to indicate a close relationship between two sentences, or a 'run-on' in meaning from one to the next; they don't wish the connection to be broken by the abrupt use of a full-stop. It is used as a stronger division than a comma, to make me ...

See also:

Semicolon, Semicolon - History, Semicolon - Language usage, Semicolon - Examples, Semicolon - Computing usage, Semicolon - Mathematics

Read more here: » Semicolon: Encyclopedia II - Semicolon - Language usage

The earliest known echinoids are found in the rocks of the upper part of the Ordovician period, and they have survived to the present day where they are a successful and diverse group of organisms. In well preserved specimens the spines may be present, but usually only the test is found. Sometimes isolated spines are common as fossils. Some echinoids (such as Tylocidaris clavigera which is found in the Cretaceous period Chalk Formation of England) had very heavy club-shaped spines that would be difficult for an attacking predator to break through and make the echinoid awkward to handle. Such spines ...

See also:

Sea urchin, Sea urchin - Geological history, Sea urchin - References and further reading

Read more here: » Sea urchin: Encyclopedia II - Sea urchin - Geological history