Independent scholar

Criteria on someone's source of income or academic standing have no prima facie application to how scholarly work should be evaluated. New ideas from outside the academic establishment do however often encounter resistance. If independent scholars publish their work in non-traditional places (anywhere outside learned journals, that is) they are open to attack for lack of peer review. This applies in particular to books. In the humanities, books generally carry more weight than papers; in the sciences the opposite is true. But in both ...

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Independent scholar, Independent scholar - Acceptance of independent scholarship

Read more here: » Independent scholar: Encyclopedia II - Independent scholar - Acceptance of independent scholarship

An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, or speculate on a variety of different ideas. Intellectual - Men of letters. The expression man of letters stood in many cultures for what we might take to be the contemporary intellectual; the distinction having great weight when literacy was not fairly universal (and, incidentally, not assumed of a woman). Men of letters are also termed literati (from the Latin), as a group; this phrase may also refer to the ...

Including:

• Intellectual - Men of letters
• Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe
• Intellectual - Intellectualism
• Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals
• Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia - Intellectual

Coleridge speculated early in the nineteenth century on the concept of the clerisy, a class rather than a type of individual, and a secular equivalent of the (Anglican) clergy, with a duty of upholding (national) culture. The idea of the intelligentsia, in comparison, dates from roughly the same time, and is based more concretely on the status class of 'mental' or white-collar workers. Alister McGrath in The Twilight of Atheism (2004) comments (p.53) that 'The emergence of a socially alienated, theologically literate, antiestab ...

See also:

Intellectual, Intellectual - Men of letters, Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe, Intellectual - Intellectualism, Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals, Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia II - Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe

In ancient China literati referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. They were a status group of educated laymen, not ordained priests. They were not a hereditary group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by Confucianism and established its ethic among the literati. The Hundred Flowers Campaign in China was largely based on the government's wish for a mobilisation of intellectuals; with very sour consequences later. This is perhaps typical of a state' ...

See also:

Intellectual, Intellectual - Men of letters, Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe, Intellectual - Intellectualism, Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals, Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia II - Intellectual - Outside the West

In some contexts, especially journalistic speech, intellectual refers to academics, generally in the humanities, especially philosophy, who speak about various issues of social or political import. These are so-called public intellectuals — in effect communicators. The term masks an assumption or several, in particular on academia, for example that intellectual work goes on generally in private, and there is a gap to society that requires bridging. In general practice intellectual as label is more consistently applied ...

See also:

Intellectual, Intellectual - Men of letters, Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe, Intellectual - Intellectualism, Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals, Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia II - Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals

In ancient China literati referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. They were a status group of educated laymen, not ordained priests. They were not a hereditary group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by Confucianism and established its ethic among the literati. The Hundred Flowers Campaign in China was largely based on the government's wish for a mobilisation of intellectuals; with very sour consequences later. This is perhaps typical of a state' ...

See also:

Intellectual, Intellectual - Men of letters, Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe, Intellectual - Intellectualism, Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals, Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia II - Outside the West

Coleridge speculated early in the nineteenth century on the concept of the clerisy, a class rather than a type of individual, and a secular equivalent of the (Anglican) clergy, with a duty of upholding (national) culture. The idea of the intelligentsia, in comparison, dates from roughly the same time, and is based more concretely on the status class of 'mental' or white-collar workers. Alister McGrath in The Twilight of Atheism (2004) comments (p.53) that 'The emergence of a socially alienated, theologically literate, antiestab ...

See also:

Intellectual, Intellectual - Men of letters, Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe, Intellectual - Intellectualism, Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals, Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia II - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe

In some contexts, especially journalistic speech, intellectual refers to academics, generally in the humanities, especially philosophy, who speak about various issues of social or political import. These are so-called public intellectuals — in effect communicators. The term masks an assumption or several, in particular on academia, for example that intellectual work goes on generally in private, and there is a gap to society that requires bridging. In general practice intellectual as label is more consistently applied ...

See also:

Intellectual, Intellectual - Men of letters, Intellectual - Modes of 'intellectual class' in nineteenth-century Europe, Intellectual - Intellectualism, Intellectual - Academics and public intellectuals, Intellectual - Outside the West

Read more here: » Intellectual: Encyclopedia II - Academics and public intellectuals