implied warranty

An assignment is a term used with similar meanings in the law of contracts and in the law of real estate. In both instances, it encompasses the transfer of rights held by one party - the assignor - to another party - the assignee. The legal nature of the assignment determines some additional rights and liabilities that accompany the act. Assignment law - Assignment of contract rights. Assignment of rights under a contract is the complete transfer of the rights to receive the benefits accruing ...

Including:

• Assignment law - Assignment of contract rights
• Assignment law - When assignment will be permitted
• Assignment law - Requirements for an effective assignment
• Assignment law - Breach and defenses
• Assignment law - Successive assignments
• Assignment law - Compare: Delegation
• Assignment law - Assignment of property rights
• Assignment law - Assignment of partnership rights

Read more here: » Assignment law: Encyclopedia - Assignment law

Rather than focus on the behavior of the manufacturer (as in negligence), strict liability claims focus on the product itself. Under strict liability, the manufacturer is liable if the product is defective, even if the manufacturer was not negligent in making that product defective. Because stict liability is a harsh regime for a manufacturer, who is forced to pay for all injuries caused by his products, even if he is not at fault, strict liability is applied only to manufacturing defects (when a product varies from its intended design) and ...

See also:

Product liability, Product liability - Product liability and negligence, Product liability - Product liability and strict liability, Product liability - History, Product liability - Product liability and breach of warranty

Read more here: » Product liability: Encyclopedia II - Product liability - Product liability and strict liability

Assignment of rights under a contract is the complete transfer of the rights to receive the benefits accruing to one of the parties to that contract. For example, if party A contracts to wash party B's car for $10, party A can later assign the benefits of the contract - the right to be paid $10 - to party C. In this scenario, party A has become the assignor, party B has become an obligor, and party C is the assignee. Such an assignment may be donative (essentially given as a gift), or it may be contractually excha ...

See also:

Assignment law, Assignment law - Assignment of contract rights, Assignment law - When assignment will be permitted, Assignment law - Requirements for an effective assignment, Assignment law - Breach and defenses, Assignment law - Successive assignments, Assignment law - Compare: Delegation, Assignment law - Assignment of property rights, Assignment law - Assignment of partnership rights

Read more here: » Assignment law: Encyclopedia II - Assignment law - Assignment of contract rights

Etymologically, morality and ethics are identical ('morality' being derived as a Latin translation of Greek 'ethics'). However, certain English speakers attempt to draw some distinction between these words in modern usage. Notably, the adjective "ethical" is much more common amongst industry or voluntary groups or non-government organizations, while the adjective "moral" has actually been reflected in commissions and in proposed legislation, e.g. in the state of Maine, in the United States, in unions (as "mora ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?

Moral boycott is the practice of avoiding or boycotting products which a consumer believes to be associated with unnecessary exploitation or other unethical behaviour. A single product may be the subject of a boycott if it is produced by factory farming, for example, or if it is considered to be harmful to the environment. Similarly, an entire corporation may be boycotted for perceived unethical behaviour (such as discriminatory hiring practices), or for investing a portion of its profits in (for example) the arms industry. Such actio ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott

A basic negligence claim consists of proof of a duty owed on the part of the manufacturer, a breach of that duty, that the breach caused the plaintiff's injury, and an injury. A products liability negligence claim usually falls into one of three possible types: those claiming a design defect, a manufacturing ...

See also:

Product liability, Product liability - Product liability and negligence, Product liability - Product liability and strict liability, Product liability - History, Product liability - Product liability and breach of warranty

Read more here: » Product liability: Encyclopedia II - Product liability - Product liability and negligence

However, there are many attempts to deliberately systematize the criteria of informing the buyer of what they are involved in, in the entire production process, and these are more commonly referred to as "ethical" endeavors: Dominic A. Tarantino, Chairman of Price Waterhouse World Firm in 1998 described Social Accountability 8000 as "the first ever universal standard for ethical sourcing. SA8000 is an initiative of the Council On Economic Priorities, a New York based research organization. It provides a common framework for ethical so ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business

In "The Global Markets As An Ethical System", John McMurtry argues that there is no purchasing decision that does not itself imply some moral choice, and that there is in fact no purchasing that is not ultimately moral in nature. This mirrors older arguments, especially by the Anabaptists, e.g. Mennonites, Amish, that one must accept all personal moral and spiritual liability of all harms done at any distance in space or time to anyone by one's own choices. Accordingly purchasing for vanity or status is abhorred and shunned. This theory is e ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Etymologically, morality and ethics are identical ('morality' being derived as a Latin translation of Greek 'ethics'). However, certain English speakers attempt to draw some distinction between these words in modern usage. Notably, the adjective "ethical" is much more common amongst industry or voluntary groups or non-government organizations, while the adjective "moral" has political or religious overtones, e.g. in the sta ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?

On the flipside, governments' budget decisions impact domestic economies in more subtle ways, e.g. by spending more on education, or less on weapons. A particularly key issue is how much government spends on policing and armies. Usually, this is restricted to governments "purchasing" the services of its own citizens, who share some moral code with fellow citizens, and who believe ideologically in what they are doing. It becomes unclear how the politicians' or government's criteria, the people's criteria, and the actual law enforcement ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Budgeting

Certain trust criteria, e.g. creditworthiness or implied warranty, are considered to be part of any purchasing or sourcing decision. However, these terms refer to broader systems of guidance that would, ideally, cause any purchasing decision to disqualify offered products or services based on non-price criteria that do not affect the functional, but rather moral, liabilities of the entire production process. Paul Hawken, a proponent of Natural Capitalism, refers to "comprehensive outcomes" of production services as opposed to the "culminativ ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality

Real property rights can be assigned just as any other contractual right. However, special duties and liabilities attach to transfers of the right to possess property. With an assignment, the assignor transfers the complete remainder of the interest to the assignee. The assignor must not retain any sort of reversionary interest in the right to possess. The assignee's interest must abut the interest of the next person to have the right to possession. If any time or interest is reserved by a tenant assignor, ...

See also:

Assignment law, Assignment law - Assignment of contract rights, Assignment law - When assignment will be permitted, Assignment law - Requirements for an effective assignment, Assignment law - Breach and defenses, Assignment law - Successive assignments, Assignment law - Compare: Delegation, Assignment law - Assignment of property rights, Assignment law - Assignment of partnership rights

Read more here: » Assignment law: Encyclopedia II - Assignment law - Assignment of property rights

However, ethics being the science of morality, there are many attempts to deliberately systematize the criteria of informing the buyer of what they are involved in, in the entire production process, and these are more commonly referred to as "ethical" endeavors: Dominic A. Tarantino, Chairman of Price Waterhouse World Firm in 1998 described Social Accountability 8000 as "the first ever universal standard for ethical sourcing. SA8000 is an initiative of the Council On Economic Priorities, a New York based research organization. It prov ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business

Many people would disagree with the view that purchasing should be motivated on personal moral criteria rather than utilitarian grounds. The view argues that a citizen's proper expression of moral choice is via voting for parties and candidates in government. Accordingly, in democratic countries, most people consider themselves to some degree responsible for the decisions governments make about what to buy on the people's behalf, e.g. pacifist nations such as Costa Rica refuse to buy military weapons or equip armies suitable even for self-de ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government

Outside state action and the political parties that seek to control states, the best known examples of moral purchasing are in the mass consumer boycott, applied against corporations or states offending public morals in some way. These can often be more effective than public policy measures - and over time can come to be strongly reflected as part of public policy, e.g. consumer boycotts of South Africa over apartheid were mirrored in state policy ove ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott

There are other such uses of labels to reassure buyers by indicating when goods are "organic", "kosher", "halaal", "vegan", "free-range", contain recycled materials or otherwise morally desirable. In this sense the label serves as a marker or token of some reliable validation process, some instructional capital, much as does a brand name or a nation's flag. It also signals some social capital, or trust, in some community of auditors that must follow those instructions to validate those labels. Theoretically, any such label could be false, an ...

See also:

Ethical consumerism, Ethical consumerism - Moral boycott, Ethical consumerism - Spending as morality, Ethical consumerism - When is moral not ethical?, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in business, Ethical consumerism - Collective moral choices in government, Ethical consumerism - Budgeting, Ethical consumerism - Consumer boycott, Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?, Ethical consumerism - Global morality?

Read more here: » Ethical consumerism: Encyclopedia II - Ethical consumerism - Morality as label?