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Imperial Circle | A Wisdom Archive on Imperial Circle | | Imperial Circle A selection of articles related to Imperial Circle | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Imperial Circle | |
| | |  Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology
Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy.
The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great.
Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...
See also:Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire The Holy Roman Empire was an institution that is unique in world history and therefore difficult to grasp. To understand what it was, it might be helpful to assess first what it was not.
It was never a nation state. Despite the German ethnicity of most of its rulers and subjects, from the very beginning many ethnicities constituted the Holy Roman Empire. Many of its most important noble families and appointed officials came from outside the German-speaking communities. At the height of the empire it contained most of the territo ...
See also:Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western Roman Empire in western Europe, which was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. Charlemagne went on to adopt the title 'Augustus' from earlier Roman times.
The name of the Empire, in various languages spoken within its confines:
German: Heiliges Römisches Reich ...
See also:Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western Roman Empire in western Europe, which was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. Charlemagne went on to adopt the title 'Augustus' from earlier Roman times.
The name of the Empire in different languages:
German: Heiliges Römisches Reich listen ▶ See also:Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire The Holy Roman Empire was an institution unique in world history and therefore difficult to grasp. To understand what it was, it might be helpful to assess first what it was not.
It was never a nation state. Despite the German ethnicity of most of its rulers and subjects, from the very beginning many ethnicities constituted the Holy Roman Empire. Many of its most important noble families and appointed officials came from outside the German-speaking communities. At the height of the empire it contained most of the territory of to ...
See also:Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions From the High Middle Ages onwards, the Reich was stamped by a most peculiar coexistence of the Empire with the struggle of the dukes of the local territories to take power away from it. As opposed to the rulers of the West Frankish lands, which later became France, the Emperor never managed to gain much control over the lands that he formally owned. Instead, the Emperor was forced to grant more and more powers to the individual dukes in their respective territories. This process began in the 12th century and was more or less concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Several attempts were made to reverse ...
See also:Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Transportation Basel has Switzerland's only cargo port, through which goods pass along the navigable stretches of the Rhine.
EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg is the only airport in the world operated jointly by three countries, France and Switzerland and Germany. Contrary to popular belief, the airport is located completely on French soil. The airport itself is split into two architecturally independent halves, one half serving the French side and the other half serving the Swiss side; there is a customs point at the middle of the airport so that people can "emi ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Transportation |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states Warning: The list is in development, and as yet far from complete.
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Key.
The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to.
The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform.
Other abbreviations used in the list are: See also:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Key, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Ecclesiastical orders, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Livonian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of Old Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Italian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of New Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Sources and References Read more here: » List of states in the Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists The following lists are going to be included into the table above.
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Ecclesiastical orders.
The Teutonic Order
The Order of St. John
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Livonian territories.
Livonian Order (secularized 16th century, to Poland)
Archbishopric of Riga in Livonia (secularized in 16th century, to Poland)
Bishopric of Dorpat (conquered by Russia in 1558)
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (sold 1560 ...
See also:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Key, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Ecclesiastical orders, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Livonian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of Old Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Italian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of New Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Sources and References Read more here: » List of states in the Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - History and science Basel traces its history back to at least the days of the Roman Empire settlement of Augusta Raurica though even older Celtic settlements (including a "vitrified fort") have been discovered recently predating the roman castle. The city's position on the Rhine long emphasised its importance: Basel for many centuries possessed the only bridge over the river "between Lake Constance and the sea".
From 999, Basel was ruled by prince-bishops (see Bishop of Basel)
In 1019 the construction of the cathedral of ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - History and science |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - History and science Basel traces its history back to at least the days of the Roman empire settlement of Augusta Raurica though even older Celtic settlements (including a "vitrified fort") have been discovered recently predating the roman castle. The city's position on the Rhine long emphasised its importance: Basel for many centuries possessed the only bridge over the river "between Lake Constance and the sea".
From 999, Basel was ruled by prince-bishops (see Bishop of Basel)
In 1019 the construction of the cathedral of ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - History and science |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Industry and trade An annual Federal Swiss trade fair (Mustermesse) takes place in Kleinbasel on the right bank of the Rhine. Other important trade shows include "Basel" (watches and jewelry), Art, Orbit and Cultura.
The Swiss chemical industry operates largely from Basel, with Novartis, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Clariant, and Hoffmann-La Roche headquartered there. Pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals have become the modern focus of the city's industrial production. Some of the chemical industry's most nota ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Industry and trade |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Architecture The Romanesque Münster, with its two (uneven) towers forms an architectural monument which survived medieval earthquake. The tomb of Erasmus lies inside the Münster.
Basel is also host to an array of buildings by internationally renowned architects, such as the Beyeler Foundation by Renzo Piano, or the Vitra complex in nearby Weil am Rhein, comprised of three buildings by Zaha Hadid (fire station), Frank Gehry (design museum), Tadao Ando (conference centre), Mario Botta (Jean Tinguely Museum and Bank of International settlements)and several buildings by Herzog & de Meuron (originally from Basel, but otherwise known as the arc ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Architecture |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Education Basel hosts Switzerland's oldest university, the University of Basel, dating from 1459. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here. More recently, its work in tropical medicine has gained prominence.
Basel is renowned for various scientific societies, as the Entomological Society of Basel (Entomologische Gesellschaft Basel, EGB), which celebra ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Education |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Sport Basel has a reputation in Switzerland as a successful sporting city. The soccer club FC Basel continues to be successful and in recognition of this the city will be one of the venues for the 2008 European Championships, as well as Geneva, Zürich and Bern. The championships will be jointly hosted by Switzerland and Austria.
The largest indoor tennis event in Europe occurs in Basel every October. The best ATP-Professionals play every year at the "Davidoff Swiss Indoors".
In 2002, the World Judo Championships took place in Basel.
Basel features a large soccer stadium, a modern ice hockey ha ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Sport |
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| | | | Imperial Circle: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Culture Basel has a reputation as one of the most important cultural cities in Europe. In 1997, it contended to become the "European Capital of Culture". In May 2004, the fifth EJCF choir festival opened: this Basel tradition started in 1992. Host of this festival is the local Basel Boys Choir.
The city is also known for "The Basel Elite", the posh and old money social circle that the city can more than cater to. Although Switzerland can technically have no nobility since such a status would depend on the country being a monarchy, which it is ...
See also:Basel, Basel - Transportation, Basel - Industry and trade, Basel - History and science, Basel - Quarters, Basel - Architecture, Basel - Education, Basel - Politics, Basel - People from Basel, Basel - Sport, Basel - Culture, Basel - Museums, Basel - Chronological table Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia II - Basel - Culture |
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