Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries b ...

See also:

Immunology, Immunology - Histological examination of the immune system, Immunology - Classical immunology, Immunology - Clinical immunology, Immunology - Immunotherapy, Immunology - Diagnostic immunology, Immunology - Evolutionary immunology

Read more here: » Immunology: Encyclopedia II - Immunology - Classical immunology

See also:

Immunology, Immunology - Histological examination of the immune system, Immunology - Classical immunology, Immunology - Clinical immunology, Immunology - Immunotherapy, Immunology - Diagnostic immunology, Immunology - Evolutionary immunology

Read more here: » Immunology: Encyclopedia II - Immunology - Diagnostic immunology

Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective. Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include chronic granulomatous disease), and autoimmunity, in which the immune system attacks its own host's body (examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's disease and myasthenia gravis). Oth ...

See also:

Immunology, Immunology - Histological examination of the immune system, Immunology - Classical immunology, Immunology - Clinical immunology, Immunology - Immunotherapy, Immunology - Diagnostic immunology, Immunology - Evolutionary immunology

Read more here: » Immunology: Encyclopedia II - Immunology - Clinical immunology

Pasteur's later work on diseases included work on chicken cholera. During this work, a culture of the responsible bacteria had spoiled and failed to induce the disease in some chickens he was infecting with the disease. Upon reusing these healthy chickens, Pasteur discovered that he could not infect them, even with fresh bacteria; the weakened bacteria had caused the chickens to become immune to the disease, althou ...

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Louis Pasteur, Louis Pasteur - Work on chirality and the polarization of light, Louis Pasteur - Germ theory, Louis Pasteur - Immunology, Louis Pasteur - Honors and final days, Louis Pasteur - Legacy, Louis Pasteur - Miscellaneous facts, Louis Pasteur - Literature, Louis Pasteur - Biographies, Louis Pasteur - Criticisms

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Reference ranges for common blood tests - Acute phase protein markers of Inflammation. Reference ranges for common blood tests - Autoantibodies. ...

See also:

Reference ranges for common blood tests, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Clinical biochemistry, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Electrolytes and Metabolytes, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Liver function tests, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Other enzymes and proteins, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Other ions and trace metals, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Lipids, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Tumour markers, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Hormones, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Hematology, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Red blood cells, Reference ranges for common blood tests - White blood cells, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Coagulation, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Immunology, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Acute phase protein markers of Inflammation, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Autoantibodies, Reference ranges for common blood tests - Serology

Read more here: » Reference ranges for common blood tests: Encyclopedia II - Reference ranges for common blood tests - Immunology

Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries b ...

See also:

Immunology, Immunology - Histological examination of the immune system, Immunology - Classical immunology, Immunology - Clinical immunology, Immunology - Immunotherapy, Immunology - Diagnostic immunology, Immunology - Evolutionary immunology

Read more here: » Immunology: Encyclopedia II - Immunology - Classical immunology

Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective. Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include chronic granulomatous disease), and autoimmunity, in which the immune system attacks its own antigens (examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's disease and myasthenia gravis). ...

Read more here: » Clinical immunology: Encyclopedia - Clinical immunology

In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. In this sense, they are very roughly analogous with chemical catalysts. Adjuvant - Pharmacology. In pharmacology, adjuvants are drugs that have few or no pharmacological effects by themselves, but may increase the efficacy or potency of other drugs when given at the same time. For instance, caffeine has minimal analgesic effect on its own, but may have an adjuvant ...

Including:

• Adjuvant - Pharmacology
• Adjuvant - Immunology
• Adjuvant - Oncology
• Adjuvant - Other uses

Read more here: » Adjuvant: Encyclopedia - Adjuvant

Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, viroids, prions, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes (e.g. molds and fungi). Microbes represent ideal model systems for study due to the fact that many can be grown quickly and easily in genetically uniform cultures (e.g. agar), which allows for the production of biological materials (e.g. protein or DNA) in reasonable quantities quickly, safely and inexpensively. However, viruses, viroids, and prions cann ...

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Amantadine, 1-aminoadamantane, is an antiviral drug that was approved by the FDA in 1976 for the treatment of influenza type A in adults. The drug has also been demonstrated to help reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced short-term extrapyramidal syndromes. As an antiparkinsonic it is being prescribed together with L-DOPA when L-DOPA responses decline (probably due to tolerance). Amantadine has been shown to cure SSRI-induced ano ...

Including:

• Amantadine - Availability
• Amantadine - Mechanism of its effects
• Amantadine - Misuse

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A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or 'wild' strain of the organism. The term derives from vaccinia, the infectious viral agent of cowpox ("vaca" means cow in Latin), which, when administered to humans, provided them protection against smallpox. The process of distributing and administ ...

Including:

• Vaccine - Origin of vaccines
• Vaccine - Types of vaccines
• Vaccine - Developing immunity
• Vaccine - Controversy surrounding the use of vaccines
• Vaccine - Potential for adverse side effects in general
• Vaccine - Efficacy of vaccines
• Vaccine - Economics of vaccine development
• Vaccine - Preservatives

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, an acute phase protein produced by the liver. It is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins. C-reactive protein - History and nomenclature. CRP was originally discovered by Tillett and Francis in 1930 as a substance in the serum of patients with acute inflammation that reacted with the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. acute phase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, immunology C-reactive prot ...

Including:

• C-reactive protein - History and nomenclature
• C-reactive protein - Genetics
• C-reactive protein - Function
• C-reactive protein - Diagnostic use
• C-reactive protein - Role in cardiovascular disease
• C-reactive protein - Role in colon cancer

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In biology, senescence is the combination of processes of deterioration which follow the period of development of an organism. For the science of the care of the elderly, see gerontology; for experimental gerontology, see life extension. The word senescence is derived from the Latin word senex, meaning "old man" or "old age." Cellular senescence is the phenomenon where cells lose the ability to divide. In response to DNA damage (including shortened telomeres) cells either senesce or self-destruct (apoptosis ...

Including:

• Aging senescence - Theories of aging
• Aging senescence - Evolutionary theories
• Aging senescence - Gene regulation
• Aging senescence - Cellular senescence
• Aging senescence - Chemical damage
• Aging senescence - Reliability theory
• Aging senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories
• Aging senescence - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Aging senescence: Encyclopedia - Aging senescence

Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The science is considered to have been invented by Arabic physicians in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam; phar ...

Including:

• Pharmacology - Scientific background
• Pharmacology - Classification
• Pharmacology - Types of medication
• Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system
• Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system
• Pharmacology - For the central nervous system
• Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs
• Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders
• Pharmacology - For the eye
• Pharmacology - For the ear nose and oropharynx
• Pharmacology - For the respiratory system
• Pharmacology - For endocrine problems
• Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system
• Pharmacology - For contraception
• Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology
• Pharmacology - For the skin
• Pharmacology - For infections and infestations
• Pharmacology - For immunology
• Pharmacology - For allergic disorders
• Pharmacology - For nutrition
• Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders
• Pharmacology - For diagnostics
• Pharmacology - For euthanasia
• Pharmacology - Other

Read more here: » Pharmacology: Encyclopedia - Pharmacology

An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. Production of antibodies is referred to as the humoral immune system. Antibody - Definition. Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily that function as antibodies. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. They are found in the blood and tissue fluids, as w ...

Including:

• Antibody - Definition
• Antibody - Structure of the antibody
• Antibody - Isotypes
• Antibody - IgG
• Antibody - IgA
• Antibody - IgM
• Antibody - IgD
• Antibody - IgE
• Antibody - Function
• Antibody - The humoral immune response
• Antibody - Medical applications
• Antibody - Biochemical applications

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Charles Alderson Janeway, Jr. (1943-2003) was a noted immunologist. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he held a faculty position at Yale University's medical school and was an HHMI Investigator. He is particularly well known as the lead author of Immunobiology, a standard textbook on immunology. ...

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Resistance can mean one of: inner resistance antibiotic resistance resistance to a disease (see related subject immunology) a political or military resistance movement against foreign occupation, or more rarely, against one's own government Resistance (socialist youth organisation) (Australia) Psychodynamic resistance Resistance Records In physics, resistance can be any force that opposes motion. Its opposite is conductance. Air resistance

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Azathioprine is a chemotherapy drug, now rarely used for chemotherapy but more for immunosuppression in organ transplantation and autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease. It is a pro-drug, converted in the body to the active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine. Azathioprine was first introduced into clinical practice by Sir Roy Calne, the British pioneer in transplantation. Following the work done by Sir Peter Medawar in discovering the immunological basis of rejection of transpl ...

Including:

• Azathioprine - Reference
• Azathioprine - External link

Read more here: » Azathioprine: Encyclopedia - Azathioprine

This chapter deals with the basic mechanisms of microbiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases. There are endogenous infections caused by physiologic bacteria or reactivated inections due to immunologic weakness, and exogenous infections caused by agents that enter the organism. Furthermore, we look at local and generalized infections. The latter have three stages: incubation period, generalization, manifestation. Whether an agent causes an infection depends on pathogenity and virulence factors, e.g. adherence, capsules, ...

Including:

• Clinical microbiology - Definitions
• Clinical microbiology - Stages
• Clinical microbiology - Sources
• Clinical microbiology - Spread
• Clinical microbiology - Positive Identification
• Clinical microbiology - Pathogenicity and Virulence

Read more here: » Clinical microbiology: Encyclopedia - Clinical microbiology

Clemens Peter Freiherr von Pirquet (May 12, 1874–February 28, 1929) was an Austrian scientist and pediatrician best known for his contributions to the fields of bacteriology and immunology. Born in Vienna, he studied theology at the University of Innsbruck and philosophy and the University of Leuven before he enrolled at the University of Graz where he became a doctor of medicine in 1900. In 1906 he noticed that patients who had previously received injections of horse serum or smallpox vaccine had quicker, more severe ...

Including:

• Clemens von Pirquet - Notes

Read more here: » Clemens von Pirquet: Encyclopedia - Clemens von Pirquet