Longevity is long life or existence. Reflections on longevity have usually gone beyond acknowledging the basic shortness of human life and included thinking about, and conceiving, methods to extend life (indefinitely). Longevity has been a topic not only for the scientific community but also for writers of travel, science fiction and utopian novels. The record human lifespan that has been authenticated is the 122 years 164 days of Jeanne Calment, though fiction, legend, and mythology have proposed or claimed vastly longer lifespans in ...

Including:

• Longevity - Presently
• Longevity - Records
• Longevity - History
• Longevity - Religion
• Longevity - Future
• Longevity - Non-human biological longevity
• Longevity - Longevity in fiction
• Longevity - Notes

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The term resurrection is most commonly associated with the concept of reuniting the spirit and the body of an individual, or the raising of a person from death back to life. Some religions, such as Buddhism, believe that deities are reborn: see Life-death-rebirth deity. Resurrection - Introduction. According to some ideologies, resurrection occurs on different planes. Some resurrections are of the physical body, brought back to life, indistinguishable to the life it had prior to its death. Other resurrectio ...

Including:

• Resurrection - Introduction
• Resurrection - Religious examples
• Resurrection - Pagan
• Resurrection - Accounts of Resurrections in India
• Resurrection - Christianity
• Resurrection - Bodily disappearances
• Resurrection - Recommended reading
• Resurrection - Citations

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The primary objectives of the Viking orbiters were to transport the landers to Mars, perform reconnaissance to locate and certify landing sites, act as a communications relays for the landers, and to perform their own scientific investigations. The orbiter, based on the earlier Mariner 9 spacecraft, was an octagon approximately 2.5 m across. The total launch mass was 2328 kg, of which 1445 kg were propellant and attitude control gas. The eight faces of the ring-like structure were 0.4572 m high and were alternately 1.397 and 0.508 m wide. Th ...

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Viking program, Viking program - Spacecraft design, Viking program - The Lander, Viking program - Mission End, Viking program - Results of the Biological Experiments, Viking program - External Link

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On January 18, 2001, he addressed the nation one last time on television from the Oval Office of the White House, two days before handing over the presidency to George W. Bush, whose father he had defeated in 1992. Like many former American presidents, Clinton has engaged in a career as a public speaker on a variety of issues. In these, he continues to comment on aspects of contemporary politics. One notable theme is his advocacy of multilateral solutions to problems facing the world. Clinton's close relationship with the African Amer ...

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Bill Clinton, Bill Clinton - Early years, Bill Clinton - Arkansas political career and education, Bill Clinton - Presidency, Bill Clinton - Presidential campaign, Bill Clinton - Significant events, Bill Clinton - Legislation and programs, Bill Clinton - Cabinet, Bill Clinton - Supreme Court appointments, Bill Clinton - The economy, Bill Clinton - Trade, Bill Clinton - Foreign policy, Bill Clinton - Impeachment and controversies, Bill Clinton - Timeline, Bill Clinton - Public approval, Bill Clinton - Public image, Bill Clinton - Post-presidential career, Bill Clinton - Trivia

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Espionage - Surveys. Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (1996) Black, Ian. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services (1992) Bungert, Heike et al eds. Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (2003) essays by scholars Friedman, George. America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies (200 ...

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Espionage, Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage, Espionage - Spies in various conflicts, Espionage - Espionage organizations, Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques, Espionage - Spy fiction, Espionage - Reference, Espionage - Surveys, Espionage - World War I, Espionage - World War II: 1931-1945, Espionage - Cold War Era: 1945-1991

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Sacramento California - Geography. Elevation: 25 feet (8 m). Latitude: 38° 31' N. – Longitude: 121° 30' W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 257.0 km² (99.2 mi²). 251.6 km² (97.2 mi²) of it is land and 5.4 km² (2.1 mi²) of it is water; 2.1% of the area is water. The population in 2000 was 407,018; the 1980 population was 275, ...

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Sacramento California, Sacramento California - History, Sacramento California - The lost frontier, Sacramento California - From pioneers to gold fever, Sacramento California - Capital city, Sacramento California - The modern era, Sacramento California - Geography and climate, Sacramento California - Geography, Sacramento California - Climate, Sacramento California - Neighborhoods, Sacramento California - Demographics, Sacramento California - Education, Sacramento California - Culture, Sacramento California - Sports and recreation, Sacramento California - Notable residents, Sacramento California - Arts, Sacramento California - Transportation, Sacramento California - Amtrak service, Sacramento California - Other transportation options, Sacramento California - Sister cities

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The Port of Boston, centered on Boston, Massachusetts, is the largest seaport in Massachusetts as well as a major seaport along the United States east coast. The port contains facilities located along Boston Harbor, notably in Charlestown, Massachusetts, East Boston, and South Boston. Port of Boston - Geography. The port facilities are located along Boston Harbor, 42.36° N 71.042° W, a major estuary in the northeastern United States near Boston. Constituting the western extremity of Massachusett ...

Including:

• Port of Boston - Geography
• Port of Boston - Cargo and statistics
• Port of Boston - Port facilities
• Port of Boston - Ground transportation
• Port of Boston - Massport facilities
• Port of Boston - Non-Massport facilites
• Port of Boston - History
• Port of Boston - External link

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Gascony - Origins. In pre-Roman times, the inhabitants of Gascony were the Aquitanians (Latin: Aquitani), who spoke a language related to the old Basque language. The Aquitanians inhabited a territory limited to the north and east by the Garonne River, to the south by the Pyrenees mountain range, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Romans called this territory Aquitania, either from the Latin word aqua (meaning "water"), in reference to the many rivers flowing from the Pyrenees through the area, or ...

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Gascony, Gascony - History, Gascony - Origins, Gascony - Dukes and counts of Gascony, Gascony - The Vikings in Gascony 840-982, Gascony - Geography, Gascony - Economy, Gascony - External link

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George W. Jenkins opened the first Publix market in Winter Haven, Florida, in 1930. In 1934 his single store managed US$120,000 in sales. The next year, in 1935, he opened a second location, the Economy Food Store in Winter Haven. Despite the Great Depression, his stores were surprisingly successful. In 1940, Jenkins (affectionately called 'Mr. George' by his employees) mortgaged an orange grove to build Florida's first supermarket. His "food palace" had, among other things, piped-in music, air conditioning, cold cases for frozen and ...

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Publix, Publix - History, Publix - Ethnic specialties, Publix - Controversy, Publix - Publix Trivia

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See also: Boston transportation Greater Boston - Highways. Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Interstate 93 within Boston) Interstate 95: North to New Hampshire and Maine; south to Providence, Rhode Island and beyond US Route 1 Interstate 93: North to New Hampshire; south to Canton US Route 3 Massachusetts Route 2: Northwest and west The Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90): West to Framingham, Massachusetts and beyond Massachusetts ...

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Greater Boston, Greater Boston - Major companies, Greater Boston - Sports, Greater Boston - Higher education, Greater Boston - Historical figures and celebrities, Greater Boston - Transportation, Greater Boston - Highways, Greater Boston - Bridges and tunnels, Greater Boston - Airports, Greater Boston - Rail transportation, Greater Boston - Ocean transportation, Greater Boston - Geography

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The archipelago of the Chatham Islands, Rekohu in the Moriori language, consists of about 10 islands within a 40-kilometre radius. Chatham Islands - Geography. The islands as a grouping are located at about 43°59′17″S, 176°27′13″W, roughly 800 km to the east of Christchurch, New Zealand. The islands have officially belonged to New Zealand since 1842. They cover a total of 966 km2, almost all of which ...

Including:

• Chatham Islands - Geography
• Chatham Islands - History
• Chatham Islands - Population
• Chatham Islands - Transportation
• Chatham Islands - Government

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Pseudonyms are adopted by resistance fighters, terrorists and guerrillas often to make enquiries more difficult, to seek and create an aura of mystery, and to protect their families from reprisal, although other reasons may often be included. The expression nom de guerre (IPA: /nɒm də gɛɹ/, "name of war") is often used for such pseudonyms (though this expression is rarely, if ever, actually used in French). It is occasionally used as a ...

See also:

Pseudonym, Pseudonym - Pseudonyms in print, Pseudonym - Regnal name, Pseudonym - Nom de guerre, Pseudonym - The origin of nom de guerre, Pseudonym - Radio, Pseudonym - Computers, Pseudonym - Pseudonyms in entertainment, Pseudonym - Other pseudonyms

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The idea derives from a variant of the quantum suicide thought experiment. Imagine that a physicist detonates a nuclear bomb located beside him. In almost all parallel universes, the nuclear explosion will vaporize the physicist. However, there should be a small set of alternative universes in which the physicist somehow survives (ie. the set of universes which support a "miraculous" survival scenario). The idea behind quantum immortality is that the physicist will remain alive in, and thus able to experience, at least one of the universes i ...

See also:

Quantum immortality, Quantum immortality - Overview, Quantum immortality - Fictional depictions

Read more here: » Quantum immortality: Encyclopedia II - Quantum immortality - Overview

Quantitative notation of concentration is far more informative and useful from a scientific point of view. There are a number of different ways to quantitatively express concentration; the most common are listed below. Note: Many units of concentration require measurement of a substance's volume, which is variable depending on ambient temperature and pressure. Unless otherwise stated, all the following measurements are assumed to be at standard state temperature and pressure (that is, 25 degrees Celsius at 1 atmosphere or 101.325 kPa).

See also:

Concentration, Concentration - Qualitative notation, Concentration - Quantitative notation, Concentration - Mass percentage, Concentration - Mass-volume percentage, Concentration - Volume-volume percentage, Concentration - Molarity, Concentration - Molality, Concentration - Molinity, Concentration - Normality, Concentration - Mole fraction, Concentration - Formal, Concentration - Parts-per notation, Concentration - Techniques used to determine concentration, Concentration - Table of concentration measures

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Various factors may promote longevity in an individual, such as genetics. Longevity in the general population can be interpreted from a high life expectancy. The most significant factors of life expectancy include nationality, health care, and hygiene. Minor factors include food and lifestyle. Below is a list of life expectancies in different types of countries[1]: First World: 77-81 years (eg. United States: 77.7 years, 2005 est) Second World: 65-77 years (eg. Russia: 67.10 years, 2005 est) Third World: 35-60 years (eg. Mo ...

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Longevity, Longevity - Presently, Longevity - Records, Longevity - History, Longevity - Religion, Longevity - Future, Longevity - Non-human biological longevity, Longevity - Longevity in fiction, Longevity - Notes

Read more here: » Longevity: Encyclopedia II - Longevity - Presently

Many people believe in an afterlife. It is generally described as a non-verifiable and non-falsifiable belief within a religion, because it is generally accepted as beyond the experiential knowledge or casual accessibility of most people (see esoteric knowledge). As a result, the popular mind relies on various sources for concepts about afterlife, arranged below in presumed order of reliability: Testimony of individuals who claim experiential knowledge of facets of afterlife by having died and then been sent back to thi ...

See also:

Afterlife, Afterlife - Afterlife as a belief, Afterlife - Afterlife as an individual existence, Afterlife - Afterlife as reward or punishment, Afterlife - Afterlife as reincarnation, Afterlife - Related studies, Afterlife - Criticism, Afterlife - Philosophical arguments

Read more here: » Afterlife: Encyclopedia II - Afterlife - Afterlife as a belief

Life extension - Anti-Aging Medicine. Much of anti-aging medicine has been concerned with the use of nutritional supplements to extend lifespan. The idea that antioxidant supplements, such as Vitamin E, lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine, might extend human life stems from the free radical theory of aging. Diabetes resembles accelerated aging and is associated with cross-linking of proteins by sugars, more specifically monosaccharides. Some believe that anti-glycating supplements (supplements that reduce the protein cross-linking by mono ...

See also:

Life extension, Life extension - Strategies of Life Extension, Life extension - Anti-Aging Medicine, Life extension - Calorie Restriction, Life extension - SENS Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, Life extension - Cryonics, Life extension - History of life extension and the Life Extension Movement, Life extension - Scientific Controversy about Life Extension, Life extension - Anti-Aging Medicine, Life extension - Calorie Restriction, Life extension - SENS Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, Life extension - Cryonics, Life extension - Ethics and Politics of Life Extension, Life extension - Anti-Aging Medicine, Life extension - SENS Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, Life extension - Cryonics, Life extension - Notes, Life extension - Books, Life extension - Scientific Journals

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In the New Testament of the Bible, Jesus is said to have raised several persons from death, including the daughter of Jairus shortly after death, a young man in the midst of his own funeral procession, and Lazarus, who had been buried for four days. At the moment of Jesus' death, tombs opened, and many who were dead awakened. After Jesus' resurrection, many of the dead saints come out of their tombs and enter Jerusalem, where they appear ...

See also:

Resurrection, Resurrection - Introduction, Resurrection - Religious examples, Resurrection - Pagan, Resurrection - Accounts of Resurrections in India, Resurrection - Christianity, Resurrection - Bodily disappearances, Resurrection - Recommended reading, Resurrection - Citations

Read more here: » Resurrection: Encyclopedia II - Resurrection - Christianity

The Foundation currently awards two prizes: a longevity prize for extending total lifespan, and a rejuvenation price focusing on intervention begun at older age. The Foundation collects donations in order to increase the size of the prizes. Whenever a record is broken, the researcher receives an amount based on the then current size of the prize fund and the percentage they exceeded the previous record. The longevity price allows any type of intervention, including breeding and genetic engineering. Only a single mouse has to be presented. As of 2005, the record holder was a mouse wh ...

See also:

Methuselah Mouse Prize, Methuselah Mouse Prize - Prize structure and current record holders, Methuselah Mouse Prize - Goals and expectations

Read more here: » Methuselah Mouse Prize: Encyclopedia II - Methuselah Mouse Prize - Prize structure and current record holders

The leading modern exponent of scientific rejuvenation is the modern biomedical gerontologist Dr. Aubrey de Grey. He calls his project to reverse the damage we call aging SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence). He has proposed seven strategies for the "seven deadly sins": Cell loss can be repaired (reversed) just by suitable exercise in the case of muscle. For other tissues it needs various growth factors to stimulate cell division, or in some cases it needs stem cells. S ...

See also:

Rejuvenation aging, Rejuvenation aging - Historical and Cultural Background, Rejuvenation aging - Modern developments, Rejuvenation aging - Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence SENS, Rejuvenation aging - Scientific Journal

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Biogerontology is the subfield of gerontology dedicated to studying the specifically biological processes resulting in senescence. Biogerontologists are scientists who study these process and also include scientists who work to control, prevent and reverse aging in both humans and animals. Gerontology - Biogerontologists. Aubrey de Grey Michael West C ...

See also:

Gerontology, Gerontology - Gerontologists, Gerontology - Biogerontology, Gerontology - Biogerontologists

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The energy (measured in joules) stored in a capacitance is equal to the work done to charge it. Consider a capacitance C, holding a charge +q on one plate and -q on the other. Moving a small element of charge dq from one plate to the other against the potential difference V = q/C requires the work dW: where W is the work measured in joules q is the charge measured in coulombs C is the ...

See also:

Capacitance, Capacitance - Definition, Capacitance - Introduction, Capacitance - Energy, Capacitance - Capacitance and 'displacement current', Capacitance - Capacitance/inductance duality, Capacitance - Self-capacitance

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