Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 – February 12, 1804), was a German philosopher and scientist (astrophysics, mathematics, geography, anthropology) from East Prussia. Kant is generally considered one of the greatest and most influential thinkers of modern Europe and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. Immanuel Kant - Kant and his philosophy. Kant defined the Enlightenment, in the essay "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?", as an age shaped by the motto, "Dare to know". T ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia II - Immanuel Kant - Biography Immanuel Kant - who was baptized as "Emanuel" but later changed his name to "Immanuel" - was born in 1724. He spent his entire life in and around Königsberg, the capital of East Prussia (now Kaliningrad). His father was a German craftsman. In his youth, Kant was a solid, albeit unspectacular, student. He was raised in a Pietist household, a then popular Lutheran reform movement that stressed intense religious devotion, personal humility and a literal reading of The Bible. Consequently, Kant received a stern education -- strict, puni ...

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Categorical imperative - Nature of the concept

Categorical imperative - The first formulation

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Idealism

Idealism is an approach to philosophical enquiry. The ideal, in these systems, relates to direct knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images. It is usually juxtaposed with realism in which the real is said to have absolute existence prior to and independent of our knowledge. Epistemological idealists might insist that the only things which can be directly known for certain are ideas. Idealism - History. Idealism names a number of philosophical positions with quite different t ...

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Idealism - History

Idealism - Critique of Idealism

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Critique of Practical Reason

The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Immanuel Kant's three critiques, first published in 1788. It deals with his moral philosophy, and picks up from the Critique of Pure Reason. Many of the themes and arguments of this book are spelled out far more clearly in his Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals. Other related archivesCritique of Pure Reason, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Critique of Judgment

The Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), also known as the third critique, is a philosophical work by Immanuel Kant. Critique of Judgment - Foundations. Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), also known as the third critique, simultaneously completes Kant's Critical project and lays the foundations for modern aesthetics. The standard English translation is the one made by James Creed Meredith, though recently Paul Guye ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - What is Enlightenment?

"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" is the title of a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 edition of the Berlinische Monatsschrift (Berlin Monthly), Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was addressed to a broad intellectual public, and a number of leading intellectuals replied with essays, of which Kant's is the most famous and has had the most impact. Kant's ...

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What is Enlightenment? - The text

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Critical philosophy

Attributed to Immanuel Kant, the critical philosophy movement sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather than justification. Philosophers, according to this view, should not attempt to prove theories, but rather should offer all theories--including those about philosophy itself--to critical review, and measure their success by how well they withstand criticism. "Critical philosophy" is also used as just another name for Kant's philosophy itself.Kant said that the problem was not what was out there, but the question

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Critique of Pure Reason

The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft), first published in 1781 with a second edition in 1787, is widely regarded as the most influential and widely read work of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and one of the most influential and important in the entire history of Western philosophy. It is often referred to as Kant's "first critique", and was followed by the Critiqu ...

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Critique of Pure Reason - Terms

Critique of Pure Reason - Intuition

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Phenomenon

A phenomenon (plural: phenomena) is an observable event, especially something special (literally something that can be seen from the Greek word phainomenon = observable). Phenomenon - Kant's use of phenomenon. Phenomenon has a specialized meaning in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant who contrasted the term 'Phenomenon' with 'Noumenon'. Phenomena constitute the world as we experience it, as opposed to the world as it exists independently of our experiences (thing-in- ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Antinomy

Antinomy (Greek αντι-, against, plus νομος, law, literally, the mutual incompatibility, real or apparent, of two laws) is a term used in logic and epistemology, which, loosely, means a paradox or unresolvable contradiction. The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of understanding proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience (phe ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Solar nebula

In cosmogony, the solar nebula is the gaseous cloud (or accretion disc) from which our solar system is believed to have formed. This nebular hypothesis was first proposed in 1755 by Immanuel Kant, who argued that nebulae slowly rotate, gradually condensing and flattening due to gravity, eventually forming stars and planets. A similar model was proposed in 1796 by Pierre-Simon Laplace. Solar nebula - Formation and evolution. The solar nebula is believed to have had an initial diameter of 100 A ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Universalizability

The concept of universalizability is one which was set out by the 19th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant as part of his work, the Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. It is part of the first formulation of his categorical imperative, the idea that the only moral actions are ones which can be acted on as though they could rationally be willed to become a universal law, or maxim. It is possible to 'test' to determine whether a maxim is universalizable through reason, i.e. lying to suit one's own ends would fail the test, but

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Noumenon

In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a noumenon or thing in itself (German Ding an sich) is an unknowable, indescribable reality that in some way underlies observed phenomena. The etymology of the word ultimately reflects the Greek nous (mind). Some writers also refer to noumena (the plural form), though the very notion of individuating items in the noumenal category seems problematic, since the very notions of number and individuality appear among the categories of understanding, so that individualit ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Associationism

In the philosophy of mind, associationism began as a theory about how ideas combine in the mind. John Locke suggested that each of us was born without any innate capabilities - a Tabula Rasa - which learned to form representations as a result of experiences, rather than of reason. "Experimental Psychology", as David Hume (1711-1776) called it, was concerned with studying the mind as a mirror of representations of nature, constantly trying to make sense of the world. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was among those criticising Hume’s focus ...

Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Actual Idealism

Actual Idealism was a form of idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a 'grounded' idealism contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of Immanuel Kant and the Absolute idealism of Georg Hegel. Actual Idealism - Acceptance. It was successful in laying a theory of regarding thought that garnered enough attention to prove a competition to the new waves of positivism and therefore materialist conceptions of social life that were vying for reformist tendencies in the politics of the time. Its ideas t ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - Contributions to liberal theory

This is an (partial) overview of individuals that contributed to the development of liberal theory on a worldwide scale and therefore are strongly associated with the liberal tradition and instrumental in the exposition of political liberalism as a philosophy. The contributors are listed in approximately chronological order, beginning from the roots of realism, rationalism and humanism in the Renaissance, all movements which were influential in the creation of what is thought of as liberal political theory. These include Desiderius Erasmus, ...

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Immanuel Kant: Encyclopedia - 19th-century philosophy

In the 18th Century the philosophies of The Enlightenment would begin to have dramatic effect, and the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau would have an electrifying effect on a new generation of thinkers. In the late 18th century a movement known as Romanticism would seek to combine the formal rationality of the past, with a greater and more immediate emotional and organic sense of the world. Key ideas that would spark this change are evolution argued by Erasmus Darwin and Johann Wolfgang von Goeth ...