Image processing

A few decades ago, image processing was done largely in the analog domain, chiefly by optical devices. These optical methods are still essential to applications such as holography because they are inherently parallel; however, due to the significant increase in computer speed, these techniques are increasingly being replaced by digital image processing methods. Digital image processing techniques are generally more versatile, reliable, and accurate; they have the additional benefit of being easier to implement than their analog counte ...

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Image processing, Image processing - Solution Methods, Image processing - Commonly Used Signal Processing Techniques, Image processing - One-Dimensional Techniques, Image processing - Two-Dimensional Techniques, Image processing - Typical Problems, Image processing - Applications, Image processing - Related Concepts

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In Windows XP, Exif information may be viewed by right clicking on an image file and clicking properties; from the properties dialog click the Summary tab. On Mac OS X 10.4 and above, this information may be viewed in the Finder by doing Get Info on a file and expanding the More Info section. ...

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Exchangeable image file format, Exchangeable image file format - Program support, Exchangeable image file format - Capitalization, Exchangeable image file format - Status, Exchangeable image file format - Viewing Exif, Exchangeable image file format - Example

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Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphic manipulation programs. The list is by no means all inclusive. There are a myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features. Digital image editing - Selection. One of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of selecting part(s) of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing thi ...

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Digital image editing, Digital image editing - Basics of image editing, Digital image editing - Image editing programs, Digital image editing - Digital data compression, Digital image editing - Image editor features, Digital image editing - Selection, Digital image editing - Layers, Digital image editing - Image size alteration, Digital image editing - Cropping an image, Digital image editing - Histogram, Digital image editing - Noise removal, Digital image editing - Removal of Unwanted elements, Digital image editing - Selective color change, Digital image editing - Image orientation, Digital image editing - Merging of images, Digital image editing - Special effects, Digital image editing - Change color depth, Digital image editing - Lens correction, Digital image editing - Contrast change and brightening, Digital image editing - Sharpening and softening images, Digital image editing - Color adjustments, Digital image editing - Conclusion

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Because of the computational load of dealing with images containing millions of pixels, digital image processing was largely of academic interest until the 1970s, when dedicated hardware became available that could process images in real time, for some dedicated problems such as television standards conversion. As general-purpose computers became faster, they started to take over the role of dedicated hardware for all but th ...

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Digital image processing, Digital image processing - History, Digital image processing - Digital processing of camera images, Digital image processing - Uses, Digital image processing - External link

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Linear independent component analysis can be divided into noiseless and noisy cases, where noiseless ICA is a special case of noisy ICA. Nonlinear ICA should be considered as a separate case. Independent component analysis - General definition. The data is represented by the random vector and the components as the random vector . The task is to transform the observed data x, using a linear static transformation s = Wx, into maximally independent components See also:

Independent component analysis, Independent component analysis - Definition, Independent component analysis - Mathematical definitions, Independent component analysis - General definition, Independent component analysis - Generative model, Independent component analysis - Identifiability, Independent component analysis - History and background, Independent component analysis - Applications

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Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a science that deals with the original sense of computing mathematical calculations. "Computing" has come to mean the operation and usage of computing machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computing hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them (computer science). The following definition of computing is gi ...

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• Computing - Science and theory
• Computing - Hardware
• Computing - Instruction-level taxonomies
• Computing - Software
• Computing - History of computing
• Computing - Business computing
• Computing - Human factors
• Computing - Computer security
• Computing - Data
• Computing - Numeric data
• Computing - Character data
• Computing - Other data topics
• Computing - Mechatronics
• Computing - Classes of computers
• Computing - Companies - current
• Computing - Companies - historic
• Computing - Professional organizations
• Computing - Standards organizations and consortia
• Computing - Miscellaneous

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Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. The three basic dimensions of light (i.e., all electromagnetic radiation) are: Intensity (or brilliance or amplitude), which is related to the human perception of brightness of the light, Frequency (or wavelength), perceived by humans as the color of the light, and Polarization (or angle of vibration), which is not perceptible by ...

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• Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation
• Light - Speed of light
• Light - Refraction
• Light - Optics
• Light - Color and wavelengths
• Light - Measurement of light
• Light - Light sources
• Light - Theories about light
• Light - Early Greek ideas
• Light - 10th century optical theory
• Light - The 'plenum'
• Light - Particle theory
• Light - Wave theory
• Light - Electromagnetic theory
• Light - Particle theory revisited
• Light - Quantum theory
• Light - Wave-particle duality
• Light - A light wave

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer. Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, h ...

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• Artificial intelligence - Schools of thought
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• Artificial intelligence - Science fiction
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Many image file formats use data compression to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done in the computer with the image editor. When images are stored in JPEG format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and computer programs allow the user to set the level of compression. Some compression algorithms are lossless, such as PNG, which means no image quality is lost when the file is saved. The JPEG compression algorithm uses a lossy format. The greate ...

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Digital image editing, Digital image editing - Basics of image editing, Digital image editing - Image editing programs, Digital image editing - Digital data compression, Digital image editing - Image editor features, Digital image editing - Selection, Digital image editing - Layers, Digital image editing - Image size alteration, Digital image editing - Cropping an image, Digital image editing - Histogram, Digital image editing - Noise removal, Digital image editing - Removal of Unwanted elements, Digital image editing - Selective color change, Digital image editing - Image orientation, Digital image editing - Merging of images, Digital image editing - Special effects, Digital image editing - Change color depth, Digital image editing - Lens correction, Digital image editing - Contrast change and brightening, Digital image editing - Sharpening and softening images, Digital image editing - Color adjustments, Digital image editing - Conclusion

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The independence assumption is correct in most cases so the blind ICA separation of a mixed signal gives very good results. It is also used for signals that are not supposed to be generated by a mixing for analysis purposes. The statistical method finds the independent components (aka factors, latent variables or sources) by maximizing the statistical independence of the estimated components. Non-Gaussianity, motivated by the central limit theorem, is one method for measuring the independence of the components. Non-Gaussianity can be measure ...

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Independent component analysis, Independent component analysis - Definition, Independent component analysis - Mathematical definitions, Independent component analysis - General definition, Independent component analysis - Generative model, Independent component analysis - Identifiability, Independent component analysis - History and background, Independent component analysis - Applications

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An example of application of ICA algorithms is to EEG recordings of scalp potentials in humans. The electrical signals originating from the brain are quite weak at the scalp, in the microvolt range, and there are larger artifactual components arising from eye movements and muscles. It has been a difficult challenge to eliminate these artifacts without altering the brain signals. ICA is ideally suited to this task, since the brain and the scalp are good volume conductors and to a good approximation, the recordings are different linear mixture ...

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Independent component analysis, Independent component analysis - Definition, Independent component analysis - Mathematical definitions, Independent component analysis - General definition, Independent component analysis - Generative model, Independent component analysis - Identifiability, Independent component analysis - History and background, Independent component analysis - Applications

Read more here: » Independent component analysis: Encyclopedia II - Independent component analysis - Applications

The problem of source separation is an old one in electrical engineering and has been well studied; many algorithms exist depending on the nature of the mixed signals. The problem of blind source separation (BSS) is more difficult since without knowledge of the signals that have been mixed, it is not possible to design appropriate preprocessing to optimally separate them. The general framework for independent component analysis was introduced by Jeanny Herault and Christian Jutten in 1986 and was most clearly stated by Pierre Comon in ...

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Independent component analysis, Independent component analysis - Definition, Independent component analysis - Mathematical definitions, Independent component analysis - General definition, Independent component analysis - Generative model, Independent component analysis - Identifiability, Independent component analysis - History and background, Independent component analysis - Applications

Read more here: » Independent component analysis: Encyclopedia II - Independent component analysis - History and background

Digital image processing allows the use of much more complex algorithms for image processing, and hence can offer both more sophisticated performance at simple tasks, and the implementation of methods which would be impossible by analog means. In particular, digital image processing is the only practical technology for: Classification Feature extraction Pattern recognition Proje ...

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Digital image processing, Digital image processing - History, Digital image processing - Digital processing of camera images, Digital image processing - Uses, Digital image processing - External link

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Computer science, an academic discipline (abbreviated CS , CSC, or Comp. Sci.), is a body of knowledge generally about computer hardware, software, computation and its theory. The discipline focuses on the management of the complexity in the construction and analysis of computer systems. The computer's operating system controls the hardware by its software with algorithms. Software involves a study of computer languages and programming paradigms, which further involves mathematical practices and abstraction. Hardw ...

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• Computer science - Sub-disciplines of computer science
• Computer science - Algorithms
• Computer science - Data structures
• Computer science - Closely related disciplines
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• Computer science - Evolutionary
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• Computer science - Theoretical computer science
• Computer science - Hardware
• Computer science - Computer systems organization
• Computer science - Software
• Computer science - Data and information systems
• Computer science - Computing methodologies
• Computer science - Computer applications
• Computer science - Computing milieux

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Each pixel of an image is typically associated to a specific 'position' in some 2D region, and has a value consisting of one or more quantities (samples) related to that position. Digital images can be classified according to the number and nature of those samples: binary (bilevel) grayscale color false-color multi-spectral thematic The term digital image is also applied to data associated to points scattered over a three-dimensional region, such as produced by tomographic equipment ...

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Digital image, Digital image - Image types, Digital image - Image viewing, Digital image - Image calibration

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See information processor for a high-level block diagram. Computer hardware Computer Hardware Design Computer network Computer system History of computing hardware Computing - Instruction-level taxonomies. After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include: designing instruction set architectures with simpler, faster i ...

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Computing, Computing - Science and theory, Computing - Hardware, Computing - Instruction-level taxonomies, Computing - Software, Computing - History of computing, Computing - Business computing, Computing - Human factors, Computing - Computer security, Computing - Data, Computing - Numeric data, Computing - Character data, Computing - Other data topics, Computing - Mechatronics, Computing - Classes of computers, Computing - Companies - current, Computing - Companies - historic, Computing - Professional organizations, Computing - Standards organizations and consortia, Computing - Miscellaneous

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Fourier transform - Continuous Fourier transform. Most often, the unqualified term "Fourier transform" refers to the continuous Fourier transform, representing any square-integrable function f(t) as a sum of complex exponentials with angular frequencies ω and complex amplitudes F(ω): This is actually the inverse continuous Fourier transform, whereas the Fourier transform expresses F(ω) in terms of f(t); the original function and its t ...

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Fourier transform, Fourier transform - Applications, Fourier transform - Variants of the Fourier transform, Fourier transform - Continuous Fourier transform, Fourier transform - Fourier series, Fourier transform - Discrete Fourier transform, Fourier transform - Other variants, Fourier transform - Family of Fourier transforms, Fourier transform - Interpretation in terms of time and frequency, Fourier transform - Applications in signal processing

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The two main types of signals are analog and digital. In short, the difference between them is that digital signals are discrete and quantized, as defined below, while analog signals possess neither property. Signal information theory - Discretization. Main articles: Discrete signal, and [[]],See also:

Signal information theory, Signal information theory - Analog and digital signals, Signal information theory - Discretization, Signal information theory - Quantization, Signal information theory - Examples of signals, Signal information theory - Frequency analysis, Signal information theory - Entropy, Signal information theory - Works cited

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Taking an edge to be a change in intensity taking place over a number of pixels, edge detection algorithms generally calculate a derivative of this intensity change. To simplify matters, we can consider the detection of an edge in 1 dimension. In this instance, our data can be a single line of pixel intensities. For instance, we can intuitively say that there should be an edge between the 4th and 5th pixels in the following 1-dimensional data: Edg ...

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Edge detection, Edge detection - Edge properties, Edge detection - Detecting an edge, Edge detection - Calculating the 1st derivative, Edge detection - Calculating the 2nd derivative, Edge detection - Thresholding, Edge detection - Edge detection operators

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Acquisition is usually done using a CCD camera mounted in the optical path of the microscope. The camera may be full colour or monochrome. Very often, very high resolution cameras are employed to gain as much direct information as possible. Cryogenic cooling is also common, to minimise noise. Often digital cameras used for this application provide pixel intensity data to a resolution of 12-16 bits, much higher than is used in consumer imaging products. In recent years, much effort has been put into acquiring data at video rates, or hi ...

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Microscope image processing, Microscope image processing - Image acquisition, Microscope image processing - 2D Image techniques, Microscope image processing - 3D image techniques, Microscope image processing - Analysis, Microscope image processing - External link

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