Illyrian languages

Further than belonging to the Indo-European language family, probably as a centum language, the relation of Illyrian to other ancient and modern languages remains unclear because no writings in Illyrian have been found. Today, the main source of authoritative information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms. A grouping of Illyrian with the Messapian language has been proposed for about a century, ...

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Illyrian languages, Illyrian languages - Language affinity, Illyrian languages - Outside influences, Illyrian languages - Illyrian words, Illyrian languages - Illyrian names, Illyrian languages - Notes, Illyrian languages - External link

Read more here: » Illyrian languages: Encyclopedia II - Illyrian languages - Language affinity

The Illyrians are considered to have spoken languages belonging to a branch of Indo-European known as Illyrian. A school of scholars maintains the theory of an Illyrian invasion, which involves a great movement of Illyrian tribes from the lowlands of central Europe (modern Hungary), towards South Eastern Europe and the Balkan peninsula. The Illyrian invasion is estimated to have occurred around the 13th century BC. The numerous Thracian names in Illyria have lead many scholars to believe that the region was originally inhabited by Thr ...

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Illyrians, Illyrians - Origins, Illyrians - Bronze Age remains, Illyrians - Iron Age remains, Illyrians - Illyrian peoples in the Classical period, Illyrians - The Roman conquest, Illyrians - The fate of the Illyrians

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Liburnian language - Anthroponyms. The single name plus patronymic formula common among Illyrians is rare among Liburnians. In a region where the Roman three-name formula (praenomen, nomen gentile , cognomen: Caius Julius Caesar) spread at an early date, a native two-name formula appears in several variants. Personal name plus family name is found in southern Liburnia, while personal name plus family name plus patronymic is found throughout the Liburnian area, for example: Avita Sui ...

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Liburnian language, Liburnian language - Onomastics, Liburnian language - Anthroponyms, Liburnian language - Theonyms, Liburnian language - Toponyms

Read more here: » Liburnian language: Encyclopedia II - Liburnian language - Onomastics

Venetic is a centum language. The inscriptions use a variety of the Northern Italic alphabet, similar to the Old Italic alphabet. The exact relationship of Venetic to other Indo-European languages is still being investigated, but the majority of scholars agree that Venetic, aside from Liburnian, was closest to the Italic languages (a group that includes Latin, Oscan and Umbrian). Venetic may also have been related to the Illyrian languages language once spoken in the westen Balkans, though the theory that Illyrian and Venetic were clo ...

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Venetic language, Venetic language - Linguistic classification, Venetic language - Features, Venetic language - Language sample, Venetic language - External link

Read more here: » Venetic language: Encyclopedia II - Venetic language - Linguistic classification

There are enough Thracian examples with characteristic Satem sound-shifts to include Thracian in the Satem group of Indo-European languages. Thracian is often considered to have been on the same language branch as the extinct Dacian language (viewed as a northern dialect of Thracian), though some Thracologists think Dacian may have been on a separate branch. Some scholars see a relation between Thracian and the ancient Macedonian language, or the Phrygian language. Older models often linked Thracian to the Illyrian language, or to the Armenian language, but re ...

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Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Thracian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Classification

The most reliable Thracian words are the words which have been explicitly cited and described as Thracian by the ancient authors. There are not many such cited words. Elements appearing in typical Thracian two-component geographical names (for example, Poltymbria) are another source for the reconstructed vocabulary. The Thracian vocabulary includes as well many more words whose meanings are conjectured, speculative, or disputed. Indeed, their status as actual words (as opposed to parts of words) is speculative in many cases. Most of t ...

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Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Thracian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Vocabulary

A sample inscription in Venetic, found on a bronze nail at Este (Es 45): Venetic: mego donasto śainatei reitiiai porai egeotora aimoi ke louderobos Latin (literal): me donavit sanatrici Reitiae bonae Egetora pro-Aemo que liberis English: Egetora gave me to Good Reitia the Healer on behalf of Aemus and the children A sample inscription in Venetic, found on a situla (vessel such as an urn or bucket) at Cadore (Ca 4 Valle): Venetic: eik goltanos doto louderai kanei Latin (literal): hic Goltanus dedit Liberae Cani English: ...

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Venetic language, Venetic language - Linguistic classification, Venetic language - Features, Venetic language - Language sample, Venetic language - External link

Read more here: » Venetic language: Encyclopedia II - Venetic language - Language sample

As an extinct language that has no literature left, there's little known about it, but some Thracian words can be found cited in ancient texts [1]. In addition there are many probable words extracted from names, toponyms, and names of rivers mentioned in ancient sources. A number of possible Thracian words are found in inscriptions (most of them written with Greek script) on buildings, coins, and other artifacts. Only four Thracian insciptions have been found. One is a gold ring found in 1912 in the town of Ezerovo, Bulgaria. The ring ...

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Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Thracian language: Encyclopedia II - Thracian language - Sources

Note: Before editing these articles make sure that there are not any articles already on that subject with a different spelling (instead of the letters ç and ë the letters c and e may have been used). List of Albania-related articles - 123. 8 Persona Plus List of Albania-related articles - A. Abaz Ermenji - Abaz Kupi - Abdi Toptani - Abdullah Rushdi - Abdyl Frashëri - Abdyl Ypi - Academy of Arts of Tirana - Adelina - Adhurim Resuli - ...

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Due to the fragmentary attestation widely diverging interpretations are possible. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian include (Mallory and Adams (1997), p. 361): a Greek dialect mixed with Illyrian languages or the Thracian language, suggested by Kretschmer (1896) and E. Schwyzer (1959) a Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence, suggested by M .Sakellariou (1983) an Illyrian dialect mixed with Greek (suggested by K. O. Müller (1825) and by G. Bonfante 1987) an independent Indo-European language close to Greek, Thracian and Phrygian languages ...

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Ancient Macedonian language, Ancient Macedonian language - Properties, Ancient Macedonian language - Classification, Ancient Macedonian language - Graeco-Macedonian Group, Ancient Macedonian language - Ancient Greek dialect, Ancient Macedonian language - Independent Palaeo-Balkan language, Ancient Macedonian language - Classical sources, Ancient Macedonian language - Adoption of the Attic dialect, Ancient Macedonian language - Sample glossary

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The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites. Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian. Greek language — ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification

The Centum-Satem isogloss discusses the treatement of the three dorsal rows reconstructed for PIE, *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ (labiovelars), *k, *g, *gʰ (velars), and *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ; (palatovelars) in the daughter languages. A division into a Centum and a Satem group do ...

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Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

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Some archaeologists propose that the Proto-Illyrians settled in what would become Illyria as early as the Early Bronze Age, and presumably soon mingled with the previous non-Indo-European inhabitants. This mixture would eventually result in the formation of the Illyrian tribes who inhabited Illyria in the Classical period---the Autariatae, Dassaretae, Chelidones, Taulanti, etc.---who were kin to tribes further north, also ...

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Illyria, Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes, Illyria - Illyrian kingdom, Illyria - Religion in ancient Illyria, Illyria - Legacy

Read more here: » Illyria: Encyclopedia II - Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes

The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites. Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC Iranian languages, attested from roughly 1000 BC, including Avestan and Persian Dardic languages ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - Classification

In the Centum languages, the palato-velar consonants merged with plain velars (*k, *g, *gʰ). Most of the Centum languages preserve Proto-Indo-European labio-velars (*See also:

Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

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The Satem languages show the characteristic change of the so-called Proto-Indo-European palato-velars (*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ) into affricate and fricative consonants articulated in the front of the mouth. For example, *ḱ became Sanskrit ś [ʃ], Avestan, Russian and Armen ...

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Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

Read more here: » Centum-Satem isogloss: Encyclopedia II - Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem

In the 19th century, it was sometimes assumed that the centum-satem isogloss was the original dialect division of the Indo-European languages. However already Karl Brugmann, and in particular Johannes Schmidt regarded the Centum/Satem sound changes as an areal feature. Incomplete Satemization in Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, Slavic, is taken as an indication of the diffusion of the satem sound change, or, alternatively, due to loans via early contact of Proto-Baltic and Proto-Germanic speakers. Examples of remnants of labial elemen ...

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Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

Read more here: » Centum-Satem isogloss: Encyclopedia II - Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change

See also: Proto-Indo-European, Historical linguistics, Glottochronology. The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was first proposed by Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn in 1647, proposing their derivation from "Scythian". However, the suggestions of van Boxhorn did not become widely known and were not pursued. The hypothesis was again proposed by Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian. Systematic comparison of these an ...

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Indo-European languages, Indo-European languages - Classification, Indo-European languages - Satem and Centum languages, Indo-European languages - Suggested superfamilies, Indo-European languages - History, Indo-European languages - Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages - Competing hypotheses, Indo-European languages - Sound changes

Read more here: » Indo-European languages: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European languages - History

The Illyrian king Bardyllis turned Illyria into a formidable local power in the 4th century BC. The main cities of the Illyrian kingdom were Lissus and Epidamnus (also known as Dyrrhacion, Dyrrhachium). In 359 BC, King Perdiccas III of Macedonia was killed by attacking Illyrians. In 358 BC, however, Macedonia's Philip II, the father of Alexander the Great, defeated the Illyrians and assumed cont ...

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Illyria, Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes, Illyria - Illyrian kingdom, Illyria - Religion in ancient Illyria, Illyria - Legacy

Read more here: » Illyria: Encyclopedia II - Illyria - Illyrian kingdom

Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that PIE voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ. Macedonian danos (δάνος) ("death", from PIE *dhenh2- "to leave"), compared to Greek thanatos (θάνατος). Macedonian a ...

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Ancient Macedonian language, Ancient Macedonian language - Properties, Ancient Macedonian language - Classification, Ancient Macedonian language - Graeco-Macedonian Group, Ancient Macedonian language - Ancient Greek dialect, Ancient Macedonian language - Independent Palaeo-Balkan language, Ancient Macedonian language - Classical sources, Ancient Macedonian language - Adoption of the Attic dialect, Ancient Macedonian language - Sample glossary

Read more here: » Ancient Macedonian language: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Macedonian language - Properties