Geography is the study of the locational and spatial variation of both natural and human phenomena on Earth. The word derives from the Greek words Ge (γη) or Gaea (γεια), both meaning "Earth", and graphein (γραφειν) meaning "to describe" and "to write". Modern geography is a diverse discipline that draws influence from almost every other arena of knowledge. Geographers engage with other disciplines according to their particular research interests and, while subjects ...

Including:

• Geography - Structure of geography
• Geography - Physical geography
• Geography - Human geography
• Geography - Socio-environmental geography
• Geography - Historical geography
• Geography - History of geography
• Geography - Geographic techniques
• Geography - Related fields
• Geography - Urban and regional planning
• Geography - Regional science
• Geography - Reference

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William Hughes - who taught the geography of the Holy Lands to divinity students at King's College London - defined geography in an address in 1863: "Mere place names are not geography. To know by heart a whole gazeteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world insofar as it treats of the latter) to compare, to generalise, to ascend from effects to causes and in doing so to trace out th ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Structure of geography

Many conservative Christians (especially in the United States) and Orthodox Jews are believers in Biblical inerrancy, the concept that the Bible, as the word of God, does not set out to mislead, and hence should be interpreted literally whenever there is no clear reason for any other reading. They also tend to trust in traditions regarding the composition of the Bible. Literalists therefore generally accept the traditional Jewish belief that the Ark narrative in Genesis was written by Moses. There is less agreement on when Moses lived, and thus on when the Ark story was written - various dates have bee ...

See also:

Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Narrative, Noah's Ark - Textual analysis the documentary hypothesis and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Biblical literalism and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Other flood accounts, Noah's Ark - Mesopotamian flood stories, Noah's Ark - Other flood stories, Noah's Ark - The Ark in Rabbinic and Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Rabbinic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - The Ark narrative and earth history, Noah's Ark - The search for Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Modern allusions, Noah's Ark - Footnotes

Read more here: » Noah's Ark: Encyclopedia II - Noah's Ark - Biblical literalism and the Ark narrative

It was said that during his appointment, Gajah Mada made his famous oath, Sumpah Palapa. It was stated on Pararaton (Book of Kings), an ancient account on Javanese history: “ Sira Gajah Mada pepatih amungkubumi tan ayun amukita palapa, sira Gajah Mada : Lamun huwus kalah nusantara ingsun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seram, Tanjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, ...

See also:

Gajah Mada, Gajah Mada - Rose as Mahapatih, Gajah Mada - Sumpah Palapa, Gajah Mada - Bubat Accident, Gajah Mada - Legacy

Read more here: » Gajah Mada: Encyclopedia II - Gajah Mada - Sumpah Palapa

One of the earliest known records of taking pleasure in travel, of traveling for the sake of travel and writting about it, is Petrarch's ascent of Mount Ventoux in 1336. He states that he went to the mountaintop for the pleasure of seeing the top of the famous height. His companions who stayed at the bottom he called frigida incuriositas ("a cold lack of curiosity"). He then wrote about his climb, making allegorical comparisons between climbing the ...

See also:

Travel literature, Travel literature - History, Travel literature - Travel guides, Travel literature - Types of travelogues, Travel literature - Notable travel literature

Read more here: » Travel literature: Encyclopedia II - Travel literature - History

One of the earliest known records of taking pleasure in travel, of traveling for the sake of travel and writing about it, is Petrarch's ascent of Mount Ventoux in 1336. He states that he went to the mountaintop for the pleasure of seeing the top of the famous height. His companions who stayed at the bottom he called frigida incuriositas ("a cold lack of curiosity"). He then wrote about his climb, making allegorical comparisons between climbing the ...

See also:

Travel literature, Travel literature - History, Travel literature - Travel guides, Travel literature - Types of travelogues, Travel literature - Notable travel literature

Read more here: » Travel literature: Encyclopedia II - Travel literature - History

William Hughes - who taught the geography of the Holy Lands to divinity students at King's College London - defined geography in an address in 1863: "Mere place names are not geography. To know by heart a whole gazeteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world insofar as it treats of the latter) to compare, to generalise, to ascend from effects to causes and in doing so to trace out th ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban and regional planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Structure of geography

Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life. Among the first accounts of Gajahmada's live is his career as commander of Bhayangkara, elite guard of Majapahit king. When Ra Kuti, one of the officials in Majapahit rebelling against its king, Jayanegara (ruled 1309-1328), Gajah Mada and the prime minister Arya Tadah helped the king and his family escaping the capital city of Trowulan. Later Gajah Mada aided the king to return to the capital and crush the rebellion, and subsequently he rose to the title of patih(minister) in 1319. He crus ...

See also:

Gajah Mada, Gajah Mada - Rose as Mahapatih, Gajah Mada - Sumpah Palapa, Gajah Mada - Bubat Accident, Gajah Mada - Legacy

Read more here: » Gajah Mada: Encyclopedia II - Gajah Mada - Rose as Mahapatih

Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning. Urban planning, regional planning and spatial planning use the science of geography to assist in determining how to develop (or not develop) the land to meet particular criteria, such as safety, beauty, economic opportunities, the preservation of the built or natural heritage, etcetera. The planning of towns, cities and rural areas may be seen as applied geography although it also draws heavily upon the arts, the sciences and lessons of history. Some of the issues facing planning are considered briefly under the headings of ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Related fields

In 1357, the only remaining state refusing to acknowledge Majapahit's supremacy was Sunda, in West Java, which was located in Majapahit's next door. Later, King Hayam Wuruk, titled Rajasanegara, planning to marry Dyah Pitaloka, princess of Sunda and daughter of Sunda's King. Gajah Mada was tasked in welcoming the princess' arrivall in Bubat village. Here arose the problem; Sunda's King thought that the marriage was sign of alliance between Sunda and Majapahit. But Gajah Mada thought otherwise. He took it as a sign of submission of Sun ...

See also:

Gajah Mada, Gajah Mada - Rose as Mahapatih, Gajah Mada - Sumpah Palapa, Gajah Mada - Bubat Accident, Gajah Mada - Legacy

Read more here: » Gajah Mada: Encyclopedia II - Gajah Mada - Bubat Accident

The Greeks are the first known culture to actively explore geography as a science and philosophy. Mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands added new techniques. During the Middle Ages, Arabs such as Idrisi, Ibn Batutta, and Ibn Khaldun maintained the Greek and Roman techniques and developed new ones. Following the journeys of Marco Polo, interest in geography spread throughout Europe. The great voyages of exploration in 16th and 17th centuries revived a desire for both accurate geographic detail, and more solid theoretical fou ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - History of geography

As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS). Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Geographic techniques

In Western culture, the image of Noah's Ark with its many animals has come to symbolise wildlife preservation movements. Noah's Ark toys with dozens of pairs of animal figures, usually set up in a long two-abreast line leading to the toy ark, became popular in the 19th century. Modern apologetics ministries like Answers in Genesis oppose these toys on the grounds that, by not following the dimensions given in the Bible, they lead people to conclude that Noah's Ark couldn't have accommodated all the animals on board and t ...

See also:

Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Narrative, Noah's Ark - Textual analysis the documentary hypothesis and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Biblical literalism and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Other flood accounts, Noah's Ark - Mesopotamian flood stories, Noah's Ark - Other flood stories, Noah's Ark - The Ark in Rabbinic and Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Rabbinic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - The Ark narrative and earth history, Noah's Ark - The search for Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Modern allusions, Noah's Ark - Footnotes

Read more here: » Noah's Ark: Encyclopedia II - Noah's Ark - Modern allusions

Noah's Ark - Mesopotamian flood stories. The majority of modern scholars accept the thesis that the Biblical flood story is linked to a cycle of Mesopotamian myths with which it shares many features. These include the story of Atrahasis, known from a text dated to 1646-1626 BC; the Ziusudra story, from the late 17th century BC, and believed to be based on much earlier originals; and the story of Utnapishtim, known only from first millenium copies.[15] The Mesopotamian myth-cycle had a very long currency - the las ...

See also:

Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Narrative, Noah's Ark - Textual analysis the documentary hypothesis and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Biblical literalism and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Other flood accounts, Noah's Ark - Mesopotamian flood stories, Noah's Ark - Other flood stories, Noah's Ark - The Ark in Rabbinic and Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Rabbinic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - The Ark narrative and earth history, Noah's Ark - The search for Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Modern allusions, Noah's Ark - Footnotes

Read more here: » Noah's Ark: Encyclopedia II - Noah's Ark - Other flood accounts

Geography - Urban and regional planning. Urban planning and regional planning use the science of geography to assist in determining how to develop (or not develop) the land to meet particular criteria, such as safety, beauty, economic opportunities, the preservation of the built or natural heritage, etcetera. The planning of towns, cities and rural areas may be seen as applied geography although it also draws heavily upon the arts, the sciences and lessons of history. Some of the issues facing planning are considered briefly under the headings of rural exodus, urban exodus and Smart Growth. See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban and regional planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Related fields

As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS). Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban and regional planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Geographic techniques

The Greeks are the first known culture to actively explore geography as a science and philosophy. Mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands added new techniques. During the Middle Ages, Arabs such as Idrisi, Ibn Batutta, and Ibn Khaldun maintained the Greek and Roman techniques and developed new ones. Following the journeys of Marco Polo, interest in geography spread throughout Europe. The great voyages of exploration in 16th and 17th centuries revived a desire for both accurate geographic detail, and more solid theoretical fou ...

See also:

Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban and regional planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference

Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - History of geography

Some great travel writers are specialists in the field. The Americans Paul Theroux, and William Least Heat-Moon, the Welsh author, Jan Morris, and the Englishman, Eric Newby, come to mind though Morris is also known as an historian and Theroux as a novelist. These are people who travel and make their livings by writing about it. There is a point too where travel literature interesects with essay writing as in V. S. Naipaul's "India, A Wounded Civilization", when a trip becomes the occasion for extended observations on a nation and people. Rebecca West's work on Yugoslavia, ...

See also:

Travel literature, Travel literature - History, Travel literature - Travel guides, Travel literature - Types of travelogues, Travel literature - Notable travel literature

Read more here: » Travel literature: Encyclopedia II - Travel literature - Types of travelogues

This is the story of Noah's Ark according to chapters 6 to 9 of the Book of Genesis: God, seeing that man had become dedicated to evil, decided to flood the earth and destroy all life. However, He found one good man, Noah, and as he was a "righteous man, blameless among the people of his time", God decided that he would carry forth the lineage of man. God told Noah to make an ark, and to bring with him his wife, and his sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their wives. Additionally, he was to bring pairs of all living creatures, male and ...

See also:

Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Narrative, Noah's Ark - Textual analysis the documentary hypothesis and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Biblical literalism and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Other flood accounts, Noah's Ark - Mesopotamian flood stories, Noah's Ark - Other flood stories, Noah's Ark - The Ark in Rabbinic and Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Rabbinic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - The Ark narrative and earth history, Noah's Ark - The search for Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Modern allusions, Noah's Ark - Footnotes

Read more here: » Noah's Ark: Encyclopedia II - Noah's Ark - Narrative

In the 16th and 17th centuries, biblical scholars such as Justus Lipsius (1547-1606) and Athanasius Kircher (c.1601-1680) began to study the Ark story as a literal rather than allegorical account of earth history. Investigations of the Ark story, and the resulting hypotheses that harmonized the biblical account with natural historical knowledge, were an important impetus to the study of the geographical distibution of plants and animals, and indirectly spurred the emergence of biogeography in the 18th century. Natural historians also began t ...

See also:

Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Narrative, Noah's Ark - Textual analysis the documentary hypothesis and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Biblical literalism and the Ark narrative, Noah's Ark - Other flood accounts, Noah's Ark - Mesopotamian flood stories, Noah's Ark - Other flood stories, Noah's Ark - The Ark in Rabbinic and Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Rabbinic tradition, Noah's Ark - In Islamic tradition, Noah's Ark - The Ark narrative and earth history, Noah's Ark - The search for Noah's Ark, Noah's Ark - Modern allusions, Noah's Ark - Footnotes

Read more here: » Noah's Ark: Encyclopedia II - Noah's Ark - The Ark narrative and earth history