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IBM 1401 | A Wisdom Archive on IBM 1401 | | IBM 1401 A selection of articles related to IBM 1401 | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO IBM 1401 | | | |  IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyondThe explosion in the use of computers began with 'Third Generation' computers. These relied on Jack St. Clair Kilby's and Robert Noyce's independent invention of the integrated circuit (or microchip), which later led to Ted Hoff's invention of the microprocessor, at Intel.
The microprocessor led to the development of the microcomputer, small, low-cost computers that could be owned by individuals and small businesses. Microcomputers, the first of which appeared in the 1970s, became ub ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311 The IBM 2311 Direct Access Storage Facility was introduced in 1964 for use throughout the System/360 series. It was also available on the IBM 1130. The 2311 mechanism was largely identical to the 1311, but recording improvements allowed higher data density. The 2311 stored 7.25 million bytes on a single removable IBM 1316 disk pack (the same type used on the IBM 1311). Each recording surface had 200 tracks. Average se ...
See also:Early IBM disk storage, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 353, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 355, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1405, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1302, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2310, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3330, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3340, Early IBM disk storage - The floppy disk, Early IBM disk storage - Disk storage in 2004 Read more here: » Early IBM disk storage: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311 |
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| | | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314 The IBM 2314 Disk Storage Drive was introduced on April 22, 1965, one year after the System/360 introduction. It was used with the System/360 and the System/370 lines. The 2314 mechanism was similar to the 2311, but further recording improvements allowed higher data density. The 2314 stored 29.2 million characters on a single removable IBM 2316 disk pack. Each disk pack was contained eleven 14-inch diameter disks, yielding 20 recording surfaces. Each recording surface had 200 tracks. Access time was initially the same as the 2311, but later models were ...
See also:Early IBM disk storage, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 353, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 355, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1405, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1302, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2310, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3330, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3340, Early IBM disk storage - The floppy disk, Early IBM disk storage - Disk storage in 2004 Read more here: » Early IBM disk storage: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314 |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers Before World War II, mechanical and electrical analog computers were considered the 'state of the art', and many thought they were the future of computing. Analog computers use continuously varying amounts of physical quantities, such as voltages or currents, or the rotational speed of shafts, to represent the quantities being processed. An ingenious example of such a machine was the Water integrator built in 1936. Unlike modern digital computers, analog computers are not very flexible, and need to be reconfigured (i.e., reprogrammed) manual ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator and thus became the father of the computing era. Since his machine used techniques such as cogs and gears first developed for clocks, it was also called a 'calculating clock'. It was put to practical use by his friend Johannes Kepler, who revolutionized astronomy.
Machines by Blaise Pascal (the Pascaline, 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1671) followed. Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom. This was a landmark point in programmability.
In 1833, Charles Babbage moved on from developing his difference engine to developing a more complete design, the analytical engine which would draw directly on Jacquard's punch cards for its programming.
In 1890 the United States Census Bureau used punch cards and sorting machines d ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines The defining feature of a "universal computer" is programmability, which allows the computer to emulate any other calculating machine by changing a stored sequence of instructions.
In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine. It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer, employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power. One crucial invention was to use gears for the function served by the beads of an abacus. In a real sense, ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers, accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to use electric motors, with gear position as the representation for the state of a variable. Companies like Frieden, Marchant and Monroe made desktop mechanical calculators that could add, subtract, multiply and divide. The word "computer" was a job title assigned to people used these calculators to perform mathematical calculations. During the Manhattan project, future Nobel laureate Richard Feynman was the supervisor of the roomful ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - Postwar von Neumann machines -- the first generation The first working von Neumann machine was the Manchester "Baby" or Small-Scale Experimental Machine, built at the University of Manchester in 1948; it was followed in 1949 by the Manchester Mark I computer which functioned as a complete system using the Williams tube for memory, and also introduced index registers. The other contender for the title "first digital stored program computer" was EDSAC, designed and constructed at the University of Cambridge. Operational less than one year after the Manchester "Baby", it was capable of tackling r ...
See also:History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices for facilitating human calculation, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - Punched card technology 1801–, History of computing hardware - First designs of programmable machines 1835–1900s, History of computing hardware - More limited types of mechanical gear computing 1800s–1900s, History of computing hardware - Analog computers pre-1940, History of computing hardware - First generation of electrical digital computers 1940s, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-Series, History of computing hardware - Postwar von Neumann machines -- the first generation, History of computing hardware - Second generation -- late 1950s and early 1960s, History of computing hardware - Vacuum tube circuits and drum memory, History of computing hardware - Discrete transistor circuits and core memory, History of computing hardware - Third generation and beyond post-1960, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - Postwar von Neumann machines -- the first generation |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - IBM punch card format
Punch card - Corner cut.
A major reason for the corner cut was so the punch card could not be inserted backwards or upside down. If the punch card was inserted backwards or upside down it hit a small plastic pin in the machine called the corner cut pin. This would engage a micro switch and halt the machine operation until the card was inserted properly with the corner cut on the correct side of the punch card as used in that system. Stopping the machine meant ...
See also:Punch card, Punch card - Origins, Punch card - Functional details, Punch card - IBM punch card format, Punch card - Corner cut, Punch card - Pre-printed cards, Punch card - Key punches, Punch card - Other formats, Punch card - Advantages, Punch card - Obsolescence, Punch card - Dimpled and hanging chads Read more here: » Punch card: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - IBM punch card format |
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| | | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301 The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit was announced on June 2, 1961. It was designed for use with the IBM 7000 series mainframe computers and the IBM 1410. The 1301 stored 28 million characters on a single module (25 million characters with the 1410). Each module had 20 large disks and 40 recording surfaces, with 250 tracks per surface. The 1301 Model 1 had one module, the Model 2 had two modules, stacked vertically. The disks spun at 1800 RPM. Da ...
See also:Early IBM disk storage, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 353, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 355, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1405, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1302, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2310, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3330, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3340, Early IBM disk storage - The floppy disk, Early IBM disk storage - Disk storage in 2004 Read more here: » Early IBM disk storage: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301 |
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| | | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350 The IBM 350 was part of the IBM RAMAC 305, the computer that introduced disk storage technology to the world on September 4, 1956. RAMAC stood for "Random Access Method of Accounting and Control." The 350 stored 5 million characters. It had fifty 24-inch diameter disks with 100 recording surfaces. Each surface had 100 tracks. The disks spun at 1200 RPM. Data transfer rate was 8,800 characters per second. Two independent access arms moved up and down to select a disk and in and out to select a recording track, all under servo control. ...
See also:Early IBM disk storage, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 353, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 355, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1405, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1302, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2310, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3330, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3340, Early IBM disk storage - The floppy disk, Early IBM disk storage - Disk storage in 2004 Read more here: » Early IBM disk storage: Encyclopedia II - Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350 |
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| | | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - IBM 1620 - Hardware implementation Most of the logic circuitry of the 1620 was a type of resistor-transistor logic (RTL) using "drift" transistors (a type of transistor invented by Herbert Kroemer in 1957) for their speed, that IBM referred to as SDTRL. Other IBM circuit types used were referred to as: Alloy (some logic, but mostly various non-logic functions, named for the kind of transistors used), CTRL (another type of RTL, but slower than SDTRL), CTDL (a type of diode-transistor logic (DTL)), and DL (another type of RTL, named for ...
See also:IBM 1620, IBM 1620 - The 1620's architecture, IBM 1620 - Character and Op codes, IBM 1620 - A flawed architecture, IBM 1620 - Hardware implementation, IBM 1620 - Development history, IBM 1620 - Implementation levels, IBM 1620 - Patents, IBM 1620 - Related peripheral units, IBM 1620 - Trivia Read more here: » IBM 1620: Encyclopedia II - IBM 1620 - Hardware implementation |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - IBM 1620 - The 1620's architecture It was a variable "word" length decimal (BCD) computer with a memory that could hold anything from 20,000 to 60,000 decimal digits increasing in 20,000 decimal digit increments. While the 5-digit addresses could have addressed 100,000 decimal digits, no machine larger than 60,000 decimal digits was ever built.
Memory was accessed two decimal digits at the same time (even-odd digit pair for numeric data or one alphameric character for text data). Each decimal digit was 6 bits, composed of an odd parity Check bit, a Flag bit, and four BCD bits for the value of the digit ...
See also:IBM 1620, IBM 1620 - The 1620's architecture, IBM 1620 - Character and Op codes, IBM 1620 - A flawed architecture, IBM 1620 - Hardware implementation, IBM 1620 - Development history, IBM 1620 - Implementation levels, IBM 1620 - Patents, IBM 1620 - Related peripheral units, IBM 1620 - Trivia Read more here: » IBM 1620: Encyclopedia II - IBM 1620 - The 1620's architecture |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Key punches Data was entered on a machine called a keypunch, which was like a large, very noisy typewriter. Often the text was also printed at the top of the card, allowing humans to read the text as well. This was done using a machine called an interpreter. Later model keypunches could do this as well. Multi-character data, such as words or large numbers, was stored in adjacent card columns known as fields. For applications in which accuracy was critical, the practice was to have two different operators key the same data, with the ...
See also:Punch card, Punch card - Origins, Punch card - Functional details, Punch card - IBM punch card format, Punch card - Corner cut, Punch card - Pre-printed cards, Punch card - Key punches, Punch card - Other formats, Punch card - Advantages, Punch card - Obsolescence, Punch card - Dimpled and hanging chads Read more here: » Punch card: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Key punches |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Other formats Other coding schemes, sizes of card, and hole shapes were tried at various times. Mark sense cards had printed ovals that humans would fill in with a pencil. Specialized card punches could detect these marks and punch the corresponding information into the card. There were also needle cards with all the punch positions perforated so data could be punched out manually, one hole at a time, with a device like a blunt pin with its wire bent into a finger-ring on the other end. In the early 1970s, IBM introduced a new, smaller, round-hole, 96-column card ...
See also:Punch card, Punch card - Origins, Punch card - Functional details, Punch card - IBM punch card format, Punch card - Corner cut, Punch card - Pre-printed cards, Punch card - Key punches, Punch card - Other formats, Punch card - Advantages, Punch card - Obsolescence, Punch card - Dimpled and hanging chads Read more here: » Punch card: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Other formats |
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| | | | | IBM 1401: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Advantages In its earliest uses, the punch card was not just a data recording medium, but a controlling element of the data processing operation. Electrical pulses produced when the read brushes passed through holes punched in the cards directly triggered electro-mechanical counters, relays, and solenoids. Cards were inexpensive and provided a permanent record of each transaction. Large organizations had w ...
See also:Punch card, Punch card - Origins, Punch card - Functional details, Punch card - IBM punch card format, Punch card - Corner cut, Punch card - Pre-printed cards, Punch card - Key punches, Punch card - Other formats, Punch card - Advantages, Punch card - Obsolescence, Punch card - Dimpled and hanging chads Read more here: » Punch card: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Advantages |
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