IBM 1401

The table below is listed in Character Collating Sequence. ...

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IBM 1401, IBM 1401 - Character and Op codes, IBM 1401 - Hardware implementation

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A byte is commonly used as a unit of storage measurement in computers, regardless of the type of data being stored. It is also one of the basic integral data types in many programming languages. Byte - Meanings. The word "byte" has several meanings, all closely related: A contiguous sequence of a fixed number of bits. On modern computers, an eight-bit byte or octet is by far the most common. This was not always the case. Certain older models have used six-, seven-, or nine- ...

Including:

• Byte - Meanings
• Byte - History
• Byte - Alternate words
• Byte - Abbreviation
• Byte - Names for larger units

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In computing, "word" is a term for the natural unit of data used by a particular computer design. A word is simply a fixed-sized group of bits that are handled together by the machine. The word size (or length) is an important characteristic of a computer architecture. The size of a word influences many aspects of a computer's structure and operation. The majority of the registers in the computer are usually word-sized. The typical numeric value manipulated by the computer is probably word sized. The amount of data transferred ...

Including:

• Word computer science - Uses of words
• Word computer science - Word size choice
• Word computer science - Variable word architectures
• Word computer science - Word and byte addressing
• Word computer science - The power of 2
• Word computer science - Size families
• Word computer science - Table of word sizes

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When a computer architecture is designed, the choice of a word size is of substantial importance. There are design considerations which encourage particular bit-group sizes for particular uses (e.g. for addresses), and these considerations point to different sizes for different uses. However, considerations of economy in design strongly push for one size, or a very few sizes related by multiples or fractions (submultiples) to a primary size. That ...

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Word computer science, Word computer science - Uses of words, Word computer science - Word size choice, Word computer science - Variable word architectures, Word computer science - Word and byte addressing, Word computer science - The power of 2, Word computer science - Size families, Word computer science - Table of word sizes

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List of IBM products - Punched card and paper tape equipment. IBM 323 — Card Punch IBM 521 — Punch card reader/punch IBM 527 — Punch card punch IBM 533 — Punch card reader/punch IBM 537 — Punch card reader/punch IBM 543 — Punch card reader IBM 544 — Punch card punch IBM 711 — Punched card reader (150 cards/min) IBM 721 — Punched card recorder (100 cards/min) IBM 1402 — IBM 1401 Punch card reader/punch < ...

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List of IBM products, List of IBM products - Non-computer hardware, List of IBM products - Keypunches and verifiers, List of IBM products - Unit record equipment, List of IBM products - Calculating devices, List of IBM products - Time clocks, List of IBM products - Typewriters, List of IBM products - Electronic computers, List of IBM products - Computers based on vacuum tubes 1950s, List of IBM products - Computers based on discrete transistors 1960s, List of IBM products - Computers based on SLT or discrete IC CPUs 1964 to present, List of IBM products - Computers based on microprocessor CPUs 1981 to present, List of IBM products - Computer and calculating device peripherals, List of IBM products - Punched card and paper tape equipment, List of IBM products - Printer/plotter equipment and terminals, List of IBM products - Electrical/electronic/magnetic/optical storage units, List of IBM products - Coprocessor units, List of IBM products - Input/Output control units, List of IBM products - Fibre Channel switches directors and virtualisation products, List of IBM products - Operator's consoles and control panels, List of IBM products - Power supply/distribution units, List of IBM products - Other, List of IBM products - IBM PC components and peripherals, List of IBM products - Embedded systems, List of IBM products - Bank and finance, List of IBM products - Document processing, List of IBM products - Industry and manufacturing, List of IBM products - Medical/science/lab equipment, List of IBM products - Retail/point-of-sale POS, List of IBM products - Telecommuncations terminals, List of IBM products - Unclassified, List of IBM products - Computer software, List of IBM products - Operating systems, List of IBM products - Utilities and languages, List of IBM products - Middleware and applications

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An upgraded version, the IBM 7094, was first installed in September 1962. It had seven index registers, instead of three on the earlier machines. The 7094 console had a distinctive box on top that displayed lights for the four new index registers. The 7094 introduced double-precision floating point and additional instructions, but was largely backward compatible with the 7090. Minor changes in instruction formats, particularly the way the additional ind ...

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IBM 7090, IBM 7090 - IBM 7094 and IBM 7040/7044, IBM 7090 - Instruction and data formats, IBM 7090 - Input/Output, IBM 7090 - Notable applications, IBM 7090 - Reference

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IBM 700/7000 series - Data Formats. Numbers were 36 bits long, both fixed point and floating point. (See: Why 36 bits?) Fixed point numbers were stored in binary sign/magnitude format. Single precision floating point numbers had a magnitude sign, an 8-bit excess-128 exponent and a 29 bit magnitude Double precision floating point numbers, introduced on the 7094, had a magnitude sign, a 17-bit excess-65536 exponent, and a 54 bit magnitude Alphanumeric characters were 6-bit BCD, packed six to a wo ...

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IBM 700/7000 series, IBM 700/7000 series - Architectures, IBM 700/7000 series - First Architecture 701, IBM 700/7000 series - Data Formats, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction Format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - Scientific Architecture 704/709/7090/7094, IBM 700/7000 series - Data Formats, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction Format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - Input/Output, IBM 700/7000 series - Commercial Architecture 702/705/7080, IBM 700/7000 series - Data format, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction Format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - Decimal Architecture 7070/7072/7074, IBM 700/7000 series - Data format, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - IBM 700 series vacuum tubes 1950s, IBM 700/7000 series - IBM 7000 series transistors 1960s

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The eight-bit byte is often called an octet in formal contexts such as industry standards, as well as in networking and telecommunication. This is also the word used for the eight-bit quantity in many non-English languages, where the pun on bite does not translate. Half of an eight-bit byte (four bits) is sometimes called a nibble (sometimes spelled nybble) or a hex digit. The nibble is often called a semioctet in a networking or telecommunication context a ...

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Byte, Byte - Meanings, Byte - History, Byte - Alternate words, Byte - Abbreviation, Byte - Names for larger units

Read more here: » Byte: Encyclopedia II - Byte - Alternate words

System/360 - A family of computers. Unlike past practice, IBM created an entire line of computers (or CPUs) from small to large, low to high performance, all running the same command set (with two exceptions for specific markets). This feat allowed customers to use a lower cost model and then upgrade to larger systems as their needs grew — without the time and expense of rewriting software. Many models (e.g. the 360/30) even offered the option of microcode emulation of the customer's previous computer (e.g. the IBM 1401 or the IBM 1620) s ...

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System/360, System/360 - System/360 history, System/360 - A family of computers, System/360 - The project's size and gravity, System/360 - Models, System/360 - Successors and variants, System/360 - Technical description, System/360 - Key features of lasting impact, System/360 - Architectural overview, System/360 - Basic hardware components, System/360 - Operating system software, System/360 - Remaining machines, System/360 - Notes

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In 1958 IBM assembled a team at the Poughkeepsie, New York development laboratory to study the "small scientific market". Initially the team consisted of Wayne Winger (Manager), Robert C. Jackson, and William H. Rhodes. The competing computers in this market were the Librascope LGP-30 and the Bendix G-15, both were drum memory machines and it was concluded that IBM could offer nothing really new in that area. To compete effectively would require use of technologies that IBM had developed for larger computers, yet the machine would ...

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IBM 1620, IBM 1620 - The 1620's architecture, IBM 1620 - Character and Op codes, IBM 1620 - A flawed architecture, IBM 1620 - Hardware implementation, IBM 1620 - Development history, IBM 1620 - Implementation levels, IBM 1620 - Patents, IBM 1620 - Related peripheral units, IBM 1620 - Trivia

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The following program receives a customer number as an input parameter and returns the name and address as output parameters. * Historically RPG is columnar in nature, though free-formatting * is allowed under particular circumstances. * The purpose of various lines code are determined by a * letter code in column 6. * An asterisk (*) in column 7 denotes a comment line * "F" (file) specs define files and other i/o devices FARMstF1 UF E Disk Rename(ARMST:RARMST) ...

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RPG programming language, RPG programming language - Overview, RPG programming language - History, RPG programming language - Example code, RPG programming language - Platforms

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The punched card predates computers considerably. As early as 1725 Basile Bouchon used perforated paper loop in a loom to establish the pattern to be reproduced on cloth, and in 1726 his co-worker Jean-Baptiste Falcon improved on his design by using perforated paper cards attached to one another, which made it easier to change the program quickly. The Bouchon-Falcon loom was semi-automatic and required manual feed of the program. Joseph Jacquard used punched cards in 1801 as a control device for the more automatic Jacquar ...

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Punch card, Punch card - Origins, Punch card - Functional details, Punch card - IBM punch card format, Punch card - Corner cut, Punch card - Pre-printed cards, Punch card - Key punches, Punch card - Other formats, Punch card - Advantages, Punch card - Obsolescence, Punch card - Dimpled and hanging chads

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The line is drawn between two points (x0, y0) and (x1, y1), where these pairs indicate column and row, respectively, increasing in the down and right directions. We will initially assume that our line goes down and to the right, and that the horizontal distance x1-x0 exceeds the vertical distance y1-y0 (that is, the line has a slope less than 1.) Our goal is, for each column x between x0 and x1, to identify the row y in that co ...

See also:

Bresenham's line algorithm, Bresenham's line algorithm - The algorithm, Bresenham's line algorithm - History

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The era of modern computing began with a flurry of development before and during World War II, as electronic circuits, relays, capacitors and vacuum tubes replaced mechanical equivalents and digital calculations replaced analog calculations. The computers designed and constructed then have sometimes been called 'first generation' computers. First generation computers such as the Z3 and Colossus were usually built by hand using circuits containing relays or vacuum valves (tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input an ...

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History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading

Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers

The punched card predates computers considerably. As early as 1725 Basile Bouchon used perforated paper loop in a loom to establish the pattern to be reproduced on cloth, and in 1726 his co-worker Jean-Baptiste Falcon improved on his design by using perforated paper cards attached to one another, which made it easier to change the program quickly. The Bouchon-Falcon loom was semi-automatic and required manual feed of the program. Joseph Jacquard used punched cards in 1801 as a control device for the more automatic Jacquar ...

See also:

Punch card, Punch card - Origins, Punch card - Functional details, Punch card - IBM punch card format, Punch card - Corner cut, Punch card - Key punches, Punch card - Other formats, Punch card - Advantages, Punch card - Obsolescence, Punch card - Dimpled and hanging chads

Read more here: » Punch card: Encyclopedia II - Punch card - Origins

From 1950 to 1965, IBM and several other companies manufactured numerous computer models, most of which were incompatible with each other. IBM had two model categories: one for commercial or data processing use, and one for engineering and scientific use. The two categories were largely incompatible with each other, and there were incompatibilities even within each category. All that changed with the announcement of the System/360 (S/360) in April, 1964. The System/360 was a single series of compatible models for both commercial and scientific use. The System/360 later evolved into the System/370, the Sy ...

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IBM mainframe, IBM mainframe - History, IBM mainframe - Software, IBM mainframe - Operating systems, IBM mainframe - Middleware, IBM mainframe - Notes

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The IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive was announced on October 11, 1962 and was designed for use with several medium-scale business and scientific computers. The 1311 was about the size and shape of a top-loading washing machine and stored 2 million characters on a removable IBM 1316 disk pack. Each disk pack was 4 inches high, weighed 10 pounds (4.5 kg) and contained six 14-inch diameter disks, yielding 10 recording surfaces (the outer surfaces were not used). The disks spun at 1500 RPM. Each recording surface had 100 tracks with 20 sector ...

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Early IBM disk storage, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 350, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 353, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 355, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1405, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1301, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1302, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 1311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2311, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2314, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 2310, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3330, Early IBM disk storage - IBM 3340, Early IBM disk storage - The floppy disk, Early IBM disk storage - Disk storage in 2004

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In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator and thus became the father of the computing era. Since his machine used techniques such as cogs and gears first developed for clocks, it was also called a 'calculating clock'. It was put to practical use by his friend Johannes Kepler, who revolutionized astronomy. Machines by Blaise Pascal (the Pascaline, 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1671) followed. Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas ...

See also:

History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices for facilitating human calculation, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - Punched card technology 1801–, History of computing hardware - First designs of programmable machines 1835–1900s, History of computing hardware - More limited types of mechanical gear computing 1800s–1900s, History of computing hardware - Analog computers pre-1940, History of computing hardware - First generation of electrical digital computers 1940s, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-Series, History of computing hardware - Postwar von Neumann machines -- the first generation, History of computing hardware - Second generation -- late 1950s and early 1960s, History of computing hardware - Vacuum tube circuits and drum memory, History of computing hardware - Discrete transistor circuits and core memory, History of computing hardware - Third generation and beyond post-1960, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading

Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators

The next major step in the history of computing was the invention of the transistor in 1947. This replaced the fragile and power hungry valves with a much smaller and more reliable component. Transistorized computers are normally referred to as 'Second Generation' and dominated the late 1950s and early 1960s. By using transistors and printed circuits a significant decrease in size and power consumption was achieved, along with an increase in reliability. For example, the transistorized IBM 1620, which replaced the bulky IBM 650, was the size ...

See also:

History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading

Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation

The first working von Neumann machine was the Manchester "Baby" or Small-Scale Experimental Machine, built at the University of Manchester in 1948; it was followed in 1949 by the Manchester Mark I computer which functioned as a complete system using the Williams tube for memory, and also introduced index registers. The other contender for the title "first digital stored program computer" was EDSAC, designed and constructed at the University of Cambridge. Operational less than one year after the Manchester "Baby", it was capable of tackling r ...

See also:

History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading

Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines