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hypogonadism | A Wisdom Archive on hypogonadism | | hypogonadism A selection of articles related to hypogonadism | |
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hypogonadism, Hypogonadism, Hypogonadism - Classification, Hypogonadism - Diagnosis, Hypogonadism - Treatment, Hypogonadism - by Affected system, Hypogonadism - by Congenital vs. acquired, Hypogonadism - by Hormones vs. fertility
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO hypogonadism | | | | |  hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormoneGNRH1 is considered a neurohormone, a hormone produced in a specific neural cell and released at its neural terminal. A key area for production of GNRH1 is the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, that contains most of the GNRH1-secreting neurons. GNRH1 is secreted in the portal bloodstream at the median eminence. The portal blood carries the GNRH1 to the pituitary gland which contains the the gonadotrope cells, where GNRH1 activates its own receptor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR), located in the cell ...
See also:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity GNRH1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. During the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. However, once a pregnancy is established, GNRH1 activity is not required. Pulsatile activity can be disrupted by hypothalamic-pituitary disease, either dysfunction (i.e., hypothalamic suppression) or organic lesions (trauma, tumor). Elevated prolactin levels decrease GNRH1 activity. In contrast, hyperinsulinemia increases pulse activity leading to disordery LH and FSH activity, as seen in Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). G ...
See also:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity |
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| | | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging Most of the changes of the human body after age 30 are unwelcome, and are referred to as aging. For all of recorded history, people have sought ways to slow the changes of aging.
In the context of putative anti-aging therapies, the most relevant body changes include diminished muscle mass and strength, bone strength and density, bone size, basal metabolic rate and calorie needs, elasticity of skin and connective tissue, rate of healing, libido and sexual performance, production of body fluids (tears, saliva, vaginal lubrication, joint ...
See also:HGH controversies, HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology, HGH controversies - Adult growth hormone deficiency, HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging, HGH controversies - The origin of the HGH industry: Rudman and Klatz, HGH controversies - Unproven aspects of real GH use in aging adults, HGH controversies - How these concepts are used misleadingly to market products on the internet Read more here: » HGH controversies: Encyclopedia II - HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Controversies There is continuous debate over obesity, at several levels. While scientific evidence for particular risks and treatments is fairly firm, the evidence informing debates on exact causation, social impact and necessary policy responses is much less clear-cut. In the area of policy and public debate, statistics demonstrating correlations are typically misinterpreted as demonstrating causation, a fallacy known as the spurious relationship. As much of the data is open to interpretation, there have been many "experts" taking positions, as well as policy pressure groups, influencing the debate from various angles.
Ob ...
See also:Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Controversies |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Ataxia telangiectasia - Differential Diagnosis Nijmegen syndrome, also known as ataxia telangiectasia variant 1, is a very rare syndrome which could be considered as a differential diagnosis to AT. People with Nijmegen syndrome show the same immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity and risk of cancer as AT but do not have any ataxia or oculo-cutaneous telangiectasia. Nijmegen syndrome sufferers also show microcephaly. The gene associated with Nijmegen syndrome is known to be located on 8q21 and thought to play a similar role to the ATM gene.
In the ear ...
See also:Ataxia telangiectasia, Ataxia telangiectasia - Definition/Criteria, Ataxia telangiectasia - Classification, Ataxia telangiectasia - Differential Diagnosis, Ataxia telangiectasia - Clinical Description, Ataxia telangiectasia - Management, Ataxia telangiectasia - Diagnostic Methods, Ataxia telangiectasia - Aetiology, Ataxia telangiectasia - Clinical Aspects, Ataxia telangiectasia - Prognosis, Ataxia telangiectasia - Epidemiology/ Prevalence, Ataxia telangiectasia - Molecular Diagnosis, Ataxia telangiectasia - Genetic Counselling, Ataxia telangiectasia - Antenatal Diagnosis Read more here: » Ataxia telangiectasia: Encyclopedia II - Ataxia telangiectasia - Differential Diagnosis |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology Penile erection is managed by two different mechanisms. The first one is the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft. The second is the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic stimuli. The former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. In both conditions an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide ( ...
See also:Erectile dysfunction, Erectile dysfunction - Medical symptoms, Erectile dysfunction - Medical diagnosis, Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED, Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound, Erectile dysfunction - Penile nerves function, Erectile dysfunction - Nocturnal penile tumescence NPT, Erectile dysfunction - Penile biothesiometry, Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology, Erectile dysfunction - Treatment, Erectile dysfunction - PDE5 Inhibitors, Erectile dysfunction - PT-141, Erectile dysfunction - Ginseng, Erectile dysfunction - Enzyte, Erectile dysfunction - History, Erectile dysfunction - External sources Read more here: » Erectile dysfunction: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED
Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound.
Duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of atherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue. Injecting prostaglandin, a hormone-like stimulator produced in the body, induces erection. Ultrasound is then used to see vascular dilation and measure penile blood pressure. Measurements are compared to those taken when the penis is flaccid.< ...
See also:Erectile dysfunction, Erectile dysfunction - Medical symptoms, Erectile dysfunction - Medical diagnosis, Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED, Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound, Erectile dysfunction - Penile nerves function, Erectile dysfunction - Nocturnal penile tumescence NPT, Erectile dysfunction - Penile biothesiometry, Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology, Erectile dysfunction - Treatment, Erectile dysfunction - PDE5 Inhibitors, Erectile dysfunction - PT-141, Erectile dysfunction - Ginseng, Erectile dysfunction - Enzyte, Erectile dysfunction - History, Erectile dysfunction - External sources Read more here: » Erectile dysfunction: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - History Dr. John R. Brinkley began a fad for finding cures for male impotence during the 1930s. He used the medium of radio to achieve the same kind of advertising boom to treat the same kind of symptoms.
In the 1930s the American radio airwaves were bombarded with such advertising, first from domestic stations and then upon action by the American Medical Association the media blitz was shifted to superpower Mexican border-blasters.
Surgeons began pr ...
See also:Erectile dysfunction, Erectile dysfunction - Medical symptoms, Erectile dysfunction - Medical diagnosis, Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED, Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound, Erectile dysfunction - Penile nerves function, Erectile dysfunction - Nocturnal penile tumescence NPT, Erectile dysfunction - Penile biothesiometry, Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology, Erectile dysfunction - Treatment, Erectile dysfunction - PDE5 Inhibitors, Erectile dysfunction - PT-141, Erectile dysfunction - Ginseng, Erectile dysfunction - Enzyte, Erectile dysfunction - History, Erectile dysfunction - External sources Read more here: » Erectile dysfunction: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - History |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis
Haemochromatosis - Imaging features.
Clinically the disease may be silent, but characteristic radiological features may point to the diagnosis. The increased iron stores in the organs involved, especially in the liver and pancreas, result in an increased attenuation at unenhanced CT and an decreased signal intensity at MR imaging. Haemochromatosis arthropathy includes degenerative osteoarthritis and chondrocalcinosis. The distribution of the arthropathy is distinctive, but not unique, frequently affecting the second and third metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand.
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See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology Haemochromatosis is one of the most common inheritable genetic defects, especially in people of northern European extraction, with about 1 in 10 people carrying the defective gene. The prevalence of haemochromatosis varies in different populations. In Northern Europeans it is of the order of one in 400 persons. Other populations probably have a lower prevalence of this disease. It is presumed, through genetic studies, that the "first" haemochromatosis patient, possibly of Celtic ethnicity, lived 60-70 generations ago. Around that time, when ...
See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology |
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| | | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Diet and anemia Consumption of food rich in iron is essential to prevention of iron deficiency anemia; however, the average adult has approximately nine years worth of B12 stored in the liver, and it would take four to five years of an iron-deficient diet to create iron-deficiency anemia from diet alone.
Iron-rich foods include red meat; green, leafy vegetables; dried beans; dried apricots, prunes, raisins, and other dried fruits; almonds; seaweeds; parsley; whole grains; and yams. In extreme cases of anemia, researchers recommend consumption of beef ...
See also:Anemia, Anemia - Signs and symptoms, Anemia - Diagnosis, Anemia - Differential diagnosis, Anemia - Microcytic anemia, Anemia - Normocytic anemia, Anemia - Macrocytic anemia, Anemia - Dimorphic Anemia, Anemia - Specific anemias, Anemia - Possible complications, Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy, Anemia - Diet and anemia, Anemia - Treatments for anemia, Anemia - Related topics Read more here: » Anemia: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Diet and anemia |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Controversies There is continuous debate over obesity, at several levels. While scientific evidence for particular risks and treatments is fairly firm, the evidence informing debates on exact causation, social impact and necessary policy responses is much less clear-cut. In the area of policy and public debate, statistics demonstrating correlations are typically misinterpreted as demonstrating causation, a fallacy known as the spurious relationship. As much of the data is open to interpretation, there have been many "experts" taking positions, as well as policy pressure groups, influencing the debate from various angles.
Ob ...
See also:Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Controversies |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Therapy The mainstay of treatment for obesity is an energy-limited diet and increased exercise. Although adherence to this regimen can cure obesity, many patients are unable to make the required sacrifices. In fact there are no studies showing that an energy restricted diet can lead to long term weight loss. It appears that the homeostatic mechanisms regulating body weight are very robust, thus impeding weight loss when attempted using calorie restriction. Recent scientific research has cast some doubt over whether or not dieting actually improves h ...
See also:Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Therapy |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Signs and symptoms Anemia goes undetected in many people, and symptoms can be vague. Most commonly, people with anemia report a feeling of weakness or fatigue. People with more severe anemia sometimes report shortness of breath. Very severe anemia prompts the body to compensate by markedly increasing cardiac output, leading to palpitations and sweatiness; this process can lead to heart failure in elderly people.
Pallor (pale skin and mucosal linings) is only notable in cases of severe ...
See also:Anemia, Anemia - Signs and symptoms, Anemia - Diagnosis, Anemia - Differential diagnosis, Anemia - Microcytic anemia, Anemia - Normocytic anemia, Anemia - Macrocytic anemia, Anemia - Dimorphic Anemia, Anemia - Specific anemias, Anemia - Possible complications, Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy, Anemia - Diet and anemia, Anemia - Treatments for anemia, Anemia - Related topics Read more here: » Anemia: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Signs and symptoms |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Diagnosis The only way to definitively diagnose most cases of anemia is with a blood test. Generally, clinicians order a full blood count. Apart from reporting the number of red blood cells and the hemoglobin level, the automatic counters also measure the size of the red blood cells by flow cytometry, which is an important tool in distinguishing between the causes of anemia. A visual examination of a blood smear can also be helpful in some cases, and is sometimes a necessity in regions of the world where au ...
See also:Anemia, Anemia - Signs and symptoms, Anemia - Diagnosis, Anemia - Differential diagnosis, Anemia - Microcytic anemia, Anemia - Normocytic anemia, Anemia - Macrocytic anemia, Anemia - Dimorphic Anemia, Anemia - Specific anemias, Anemia - Possible complications, Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy, Anemia - Diet and anemia, Anemia - Treatments for anemia, Anemia - Related topics Read more here: » Anemia: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy Anemia affects 20% of all females of childbearing age in the United States. Because of the subtleness of the symptoms, women are often unaware that they have this disorder, as they attribute the symptoms to the stresses of their daily lives. Possible problems for the fetus include increased risk of growth retardation, prematurity, intrauterine death, rupture of the amnion and infection.
During pregnancy, women should be especially aware of the symptoms of anemia, as an adult female loses an average of two milligrams of iron daily. The ...
See also:Anemia, Anemia - Signs and symptoms, Anemia - Diagnosis, Anemia - Differential diagnosis, Anemia - Microcytic anemia, Anemia - Normocytic anemia, Anemia - Macrocytic anemia, Anemia - Dimorphic Anemia, Anemia - Specific anemias, Anemia - Possible complications, Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy, Anemia - Diet and anemia, Anemia - Treatments for anemia, Anemia - Related topics Read more here: » Anemia: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology People with the abnormal genes do not reduce their absorption of iron in response to increased iron levels in the body. Thus the iron stores of the body increase. As they increase the iron which is initially stored as ferritin starts to get stored as a breakdown product of ferritin called haemosiderin and this is toxic to tissue.
The sensor pathway inside the enterocyte is disrupted due to the genetic errors. The enterocyte in the crypt must sense the amount of circulating iron. Depending on this information, the cell can regulate the ...
See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Treatment Early diagnosis is important because the late effects of iron accumulation can be wholly prevented by periodic phlebotomies (comparable in volume to blood donations). Treatment is initiated when ferritin levels reach 300 micrograms per litre (or 200 in nonpregnant premenopausal women).
Every bag of blood (450-500 ml) contains 200-250 milligrams of iron. Phlebotomy is usually done at a weekly interval until ferritin levels have returned to normal. After that, 1-4 donations per yea ...
See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Treatment |
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| | | | | hypogonadism: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Complications Obesity, especially central obesity (male-type or waist-predomimant obesity), is an important risk factor for the "metabolic syndrome" ("syndrome X"), the clustering of a number of diseases and risk factors that heavily predispose for cardiovascular disease. These are diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and triglyceride levels (combined hyperlipidemia). An inflammatory state is present, which — together with the above — has been implicated in the high prevalence of atherosclerosis (fatty lumps in the arterial wall), and a prothrombotic stat ...
See also:Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Complications |
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