hypogonadism

Clobazam - Approved. Sold as: Frisium. Clobazam (Urbanyl®[12]) is approved for adjunctive therapy in complex partial seizures[13] certain types of status epilepticus, specifically myoclonic-absent, absent, myoclonic, simple partial, complex partial, and tonic;See also:

Clobazam, Clobazam - Mechanism of Action, Clobazam - Metabolism, Clobazam - Uses, Clobazam - Approved, Clobazam - Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label, Clobazam - Adverse Effects, Clobazam - Rare, Clobazam - Contraindications, Clobazam - Preexisting Conditions, Clobazam - Drug Interactions, Clobazam - End Notes

Read more here: » Clobazam: Encyclopedia II - Clobazam - Uses

Anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells; this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. The size is reflected in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). If the cells are smaller than normal (under 80 fl), the anemia is said to be microcytic; if they are normal size (80-100 fl), normocytic; and if they are larger than normal (over 100 fl), the anemia is classified as macrocytic. Other characteristics visible on the peripheral smear may provide valuable clues about a more specific diagnosis; for example, abnormal white blo ...

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Anemia, Anemia - Signs and symptoms, Anemia - Diagnosis, Anemia - Differential diagnosis, Anemia - Microcytic anemia, Anemia - Normocytic anemia, Anemia - Macrocytic anemia, Anemia - Dimorphic Anemia, Anemia - Specific anemias, Anemia - Possible complications, Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy, Anemia - Diet and anemia, Anemia - Treatments for anemia, Anemia - Related topics

Read more here: » Anemia: Encyclopedia II - Anemia - Differential diagnosis

The first known step of sexual differentiation of a normal XY fetus is the development of testes. The early stages of testicular formation in the second month of gestation require the action of several genes, of which one of the earliest and most important is SRY, the "sex-determining region of the Y chromosome". Mutations of SRY account for most cases of Swyer syndrome. When this gene is defective, testes fail to develop in an XY (genetically male) fetus. Without testes, no testosterone or antimullerian hormone are produced. W ...

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Swyer syndrome, Swyer syndrome - Pathogenesis, Swyer syndrome - Diagnosis, Swyer syndrome - Treatment, Swyer syndrome - Similar conditions

Read more here: » Swyer syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Swyer syndrome - Pathogenesis

Kallmann syndrome is characterized by: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (a lack of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH) Congenital (present from birth) anosmia (complete inability to smell) or hyposmia (decreased ability to smell). It can also be associated with optic problems, such as color blindness or optic atrophy, nerve deafness, cleft palate, cryptorchidism, renal agenesis, and mirror movement disorder. However, it is not clear at this time how or if these other problems have the same cause as the hypogonadism and anosmia and these other problems are more oft ...

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Kallmann syndrome, Kallmann syndrome - Features, Kallmann syndrome - Diagnosis, Kallmann syndrome - Pathophysiology, Kallmann syndrome - Treatment, Kallmann syndrome - Epidemiology, Kallmann syndrome - Resources

Read more here: » Kallmann syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Kallmann syndrome - Features

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 1. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 1 is also known as the candidiasis-hypoparathyroidism-Addison's disease-syndrome after its main features: A mild immune deficiency, leading to persistent mucosal and cutaneous infections with candida yeasts. There is also decreased function of the spleen (asplenism). Autoimmune dysfunction of the parathyroid gland (leading to hypocalcemia) and the adrenal gland (Addison's disease: hypoglycemia, hypoten ...

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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - The syndromes, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 1, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 2, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - XPID, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Other diseases, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Management, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Sources

Read more here: » Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - The syndromes

Because of the multiplicity of conditions, many different diagnostic tests are used for screening. An abnormal result is often followed by a subsequent "definitive test" to confirm the suspected diagnosis. Common screening tests used in the last sixty years: Ferric chloride test (turned colors in reaction to various abnormal metabolites in urine) Ninhydrin paper chromatography (detected abnormal amino acid patterns) Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay (detected a few amino acids in excessive amounts in blood) Quantitative plasma amino acids, quantitative urine ...

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Inborn error of metabolism, Inborn error of metabolism - Major categories of inherited metabolic diseases, Inborn error of metabolism - Manifestations and presentations, Inborn error of metabolism - Diagnostic techniques, Inborn error of metabolism - Newborn screening, Inborn error of metabolism - Management

Read more here: » Inborn error of metabolism: Encyclopedia II - Inborn error of metabolism - Diagnostic techniques

Puberty refers to the physical and hormonal changes which typically begin in early adolescence and lead to reproductive maturity and completion of growth. In girls the physical changes include growth of the breasts, development of pubic hair, change in body shape, and onset of menstrual periods (menarche). In boys the physical changes include growth of the penis and testes, pubic hair, increased muscle mass and strength, and increased body and facial h ...

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Delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Background: a brief synopsis of normal puberty, Delayed puberty - What’s the normal timing of puberty and what's delayed?, Delayed puberty - How is delayed puberty evaluated?, Delayed puberty - Some possible causes of delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Medical evaluation of delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Management of delayed puberty

Read more here: » Delayed puberty: Encyclopedia II - Delayed puberty - Background: a brief synopsis of normal puberty

Pediatric endocrinologists are the physicians with the most training and experience evaluating delayed puberty. A complete medical history, review of systems, growth pattern, and physical examination will reveal most of the systemic diseases and conditions capable of arresting development or delaying puberty, as well as providing clues to some of the recognizable syndromes affecting the reproductive system. An x-ray of the hand to assess bone age usually reveals whether overall phys ...

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Delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Background: a brief synopsis of normal puberty, Delayed puberty - What’s the normal timing of puberty and what's delayed?, Delayed puberty - How is delayed puberty evaluated?, Delayed puberty - Some possible causes of delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Medical evaluation of delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Management of delayed puberty

Read more here: » Delayed puberty: Encyclopedia II - Delayed puberty - Medical evaluation of delayed puberty

Obesity, especially central obesity (male-type or waist-predomimant obesity), is an important risk factor for the "metabolic syndrome" ("syndrome X"), the clustering of a number of diseases and risk factors that heavily predispose for cardiovascular disease. These are diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and triglyceride levels (combined hyperlipidemia). An inflammatory state is present, which — together with the above — has been implicated in the high prevalence of atherosclerosis (fatty lumps in the arterial wall), and a prothrombotic stat ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Complications

Obesity is a concept that is being continually redefined. In humans, the most common statistical estimate of excess fat mass is the body mass index (BMI), calculated by dividing the weight by the height squared; its unit is therefore kg/m2, although no actual surface is implied. The BMI was created in the 19th century by the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Interpretation of the BMI: A BMI over 25.0 kg/m2 is categorized as overweight. A BMI over 30.0 kg/m2 is c ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Definition

Obesity - Culture and obesity. In several human cultures, obesity is associated with attractiveness, strength, and fertility. Some of the earliest known cultural artifacts, known as Venuses, are pocket-sized statuettes representing an obese female figure. Although their cultural significance is unrecorded, their widespread use throughout pre-historic Mediterranean and European cultures suggests a central role for the obese female form in magical rituals, and suggests cult ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Cultural and social significance

The mainstay of treatment for obesity is an energy-limited diet and increased exercise. In studies, diet and exercise programs have consistently produced an average weight loss of approximately 8% of total body mass on average (excluding study drop-outs). While not all dieters will be satisfied with this outcome, studies have shown that a loss of as little as 5% of body mass can create enormous health benefits. A more intractable therapeutic problem appears to be weight loss maintenance. Of dieters who manage to lose 10% or more of th ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Therapy

If a child is healthy but simply late, reassurance and prediction based on the bone age can be provided. No other intervention is usually necessary. In more extreme cases of delay, or cases where the delay is more extremely distressing to the child, a low dose of testosterone or estrogen for a few months may bring the first reassuring changes of normal puberty. If the delay is due to systemic disease or undernutrition, the therap ...

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Delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Background: a brief synopsis of normal puberty, Delayed puberty - What’s the normal timing of puberty and what's delayed?, Delayed puberty - How is delayed puberty evaluated?, Delayed puberty - Some possible causes of delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Medical evaluation of delayed puberty, Delayed puberty - Management of delayed puberty

Read more here: » Delayed puberty: Encyclopedia II - Delayed puberty - Management of delayed puberty

At the pituitary, GNRH1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These processes are controlled by the size and frequency of GNRH1 pulses, as well as by feedback from androgens and estrogens. There are differences in GNRH1 secretion between males and females: in males, GNRH1 is secreted in pulses at a constant frequency, but in females the frequency of the pulses varies during the me ...

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists

Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH

Treatment is directed at restoring the deficient hormones -- known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Males are administered human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or testosterone. Females are treated with oestrogen and progestins. To induce fertility in males or females, GnRH (aka LHRH) is administered by an infusion pump, or hCG/hMG/FSH/LH combinations are administered through regular injections. Fertility is only maintained whilst actually being treated with these hormones. Once fertility treatment stops it is necessary to revert to the normal HRT of testosteron ...

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Kallmann syndrome, Kallmann syndrome - Features, Kallmann syndrome - Diagnosis, Kallmann syndrome - Pathophysiology, Kallmann syndrome - Treatment, Kallmann syndrome - Epidemiology, Kallmann syndrome - Resources

Read more here: » Kallmann syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Kallmann syndrome - Treatment

Under normal conditions, GnRH travels to the pituitary gland via the tuberoinfundibular pathway, where it triggers production of gonadotropins (LH and FSH). When GnRH is low, the pituitary does not create the normal amount of gonadotropins. The gonadotropins in turn affect the production of hormones in the gonads, so when they are low, these hormones will be low as well. In Kallmann syndrome, the GnRH neurons do not migrate properly from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus during development. The olfactory bulbs also fail to for ...

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Kallmann syndrome, Kallmann syndrome - Features, Kallmann syndrome - Diagnosis, Kallmann syndrome - Pathophysiology, Kallmann syndrome - Treatment, Kallmann syndrome - Epidemiology, Kallmann syndrome - Resources

Read more here: » Kallmann syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Kallmann syndrome - Pathophysiology

Kallmann syndrome occurs at a rate of 1 in 10,000 male births and 1 in 50,000 female births. It may be inherited as an X-linked condition, an autosomal dominant condition or as an autosomal recessive condition. Statistics are sparse, but it seems that autosomal dominant is the most common form of heredity. Even though mutations in the KAL gene on the X chromosome can cause Kallmann syndrome, only 11-14% of patients with Kallmann syndrome have detectable KAL mutations. Mutations in autosomal gene FGFR1 have been found in some ca ...

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Kallmann syndrome, Kallmann syndrome - Features, Kallmann syndrome - Diagnosis, Kallmann syndrome - Pathophysiology, Kallmann syndrome - Treatment, Kallmann syndrome - Epidemiology, Kallmann syndrome - Resources

Read more here: » Kallmann syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Kallmann syndrome - Epidemiology

Because of the inability of the streak gonads to produce sex hormones (both estrogens and androgens), most of the secondary sex characteristics do not develop. This is especially true of estrogenic changes such as breast development, widening of the pelvis and hips, and menstrual periods. Because the adrenal glands can make limited amounts of androgens and are not affected by this syndrome, most of these girls will develop ...

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Swyer syndrome, Swyer syndrome - Pathogenesis, Swyer syndrome - Diagnosis, Swyer syndrome - Treatment, Swyer syndrome - Similar conditions

Read more here: » Swyer syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Swyer syndrome - Diagnosis

Werner syndrome is named after Otto Werner, a German student who described the syndrome as part of his doctoral thesis in 1904. This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine ...

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Werner syndrome, Werner syndrome - Symptoms, Werner syndrome - Epidemiology, Werner syndrome - Genetics, Werner syndrome - History

Read more here: » Werner syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Werner syndrome - History

The Rudman study attracted much public attention. A number of scientific studies attempted to replicate and address the questions raised by the Rudman study. In general, the studies have shown less impressive benefit and considerably higher rates of side effects when growth hormone has been given to older but non-deficient adults. These reports were less interesting to the news media. For example, Blackman's better controlled trial (Blackman, 2002) of 6 months of growth hormone in 29 women and 36 men confirmed mild improvement in lean ...

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HGH controversies, HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology, HGH controversies - Adult growth hormone deficiency, HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging, HGH controversies - The origin of the HGH industry: Rudman and Klatz, HGH controversies - Unproven aspects of real GH use in aging adults, HGH controversies - How these concepts are used misleadingly to market products on the internet

Read more here: » HGH controversies: Encyclopedia II - HGH controversies - Unproven aspects of real GH use in aging adults

Although endocrinologists and other scientists interested in aging were asking this question as early as the 1970s and there were some uncontrolled and unpublished individual trials, the question became a subject of public interest due to two publications in the 1990s. Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS et al (1990). "Effect of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old". New Engl J Med 323:1-6. This famous paper from the New England Journal of Medicine reported research by endocrinologist Dan Rudman. It described modest improve ...

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HGH controversies, HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology, HGH controversies - Adult growth hormone deficiency, HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging, HGH controversies - The origin of the HGH industry: Rudman and Klatz, HGH controversies - Unproven aspects of real GH use in aging adults, HGH controversies - How these concepts are used misleadingly to market products on the internet

Read more here: » HGH controversies: Encyclopedia II - HGH controversies - The origin of the HGH industry: Rudman and Klatz