hypogonadism - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Micropenis: Encyclopedia Ii - Micropenis - Causes
Micropenis can have a variety of causes. Since it is defined statistically, a large proportion of males with micropenis are simply normal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erectile Dysfunction: Encyclopedia - Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anemia: Encyclopedia - Anemia
Anemia (American English) or anaemia (Commonwealth English), which literally means "without blood," is a deficiency of red blood cells an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Werner Syndrome: Encyclopedia - Werner Syndrome
Werner syndrome is a very rare, autosomal recessive disorder whose most recognizable characteristic is premature aging. For this reason, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia - Obesity
Obesity is a condition where the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and mammals is increased to the point where...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bromocriptine: Encyclopedia - Bromocriptine
Image:Bromocriptine.png Bromocriptine G02CB01 N04BC01 Bromocriptine is an ergoline derivative dopamine agonist that is used in the treatm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ovary: Encyclopedia - Ovary
Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. Ovary - Mammalian ovary. Ovaries are part of the vertebrate fe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Micropenis: Encyclopedia Ii - Micropenis - Treatment
A number of surgical techniques for penis enlargement have been devised and performed but are not generally considered successful enough ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hgh Controversies: Encyclopedia Ii - Hgh Controversies - Background On Hgh And Terminology
HGH and hGH refer to "human growth hormone." The reader may be curious as to why only this hormone is still often referred to as "human" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Causes
Obesity - Causative factors. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, fat cells (and to a lesser extent muscle and liver cells) t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Haemochromatosis - Signs And Symptoms
Haemochromatosis is notoriously protean, i.e. it presents with symptoms that are often initially attributed to other diseases. Symptoms m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orchitis: Encyclopedia Ii - Orchitis - Symptoms
Symptoms of orchitis are similar to those of testicular torsion. These can include: ejaculation of blood hematuria (blood in the urine) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pituitary Adenoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Pituitary Adenoma - Types
Pituitary tumors were, historically, classed as basophilic, acidophilic, or chromophobic on the basis of whether or not they took up the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Causes
Obesity - Causative factors. Obesity is believed to be caused by excessive caloric intake accompanied with insufficient caloric expendi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone - Structure
The identity of GNRH1 was clarified by the 1977 Nobel Laureates Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally: pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prolactin: Encyclopedia Ii - Prolactin - Production Of Milk
Prolactin has many effects, the most significant of which is to stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation). Increased serum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erectile Dysfunction: Encyclopedia Ii - Erectile Dysfunction - Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause. Testosterone supplements may be used for cases with hormonal deficiency. However, usually the cause is la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Werner Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Werner Syndrome - Genetics
In 1996 the gene responsible for Werner syndrome was identified (and named WRN) and found to be a member of the RecQ family of helicases....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ataxia Telangiectasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ataxia Telangiectasia - Aetiology
AT is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ATM gene located on chromosome 11q22-23 (OMIM 208900). It was characteri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epididymitis: Encyclopedia Ii - Epididymitis - Diagnosis
Epididymitis can be hard to distinguish from testicular torsion. Sometimes, both can occur at the same time. Tests are needed to distingu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clobazam: Encyclopedia Ii - Clobazam - Uses
Clobazam - Approved. Sold as: Frisium. Clobazam (Urbanyl®[12]) is approved for adjunctive therapy in complex partial seizures[13] ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Anemia - Differential Diagnosis
Anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells; this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral bloo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swyer Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Swyer Syndrome - Pathogenesis
The first known step of sexual differentiation of a normal XY fetus is the development of testes. The early stages of testicular formatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kallmann Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Kallmann Syndrome - Features
Kallmann syndrome is characterized by: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (a lack of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH) Congenital (present f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome - The Syndromes
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 1. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 1 is also known as the candidiasis-hypoparathyroidi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inborn Error Of Metabolism: Encyclopedia Ii - Inborn Error Of Metabolism - Diagnostic Techniques
Because of the multiplicity of conditions, many different diagnostic tests are used for screening. An abnormal result is often followed b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - Background: A Brief Synopsis Of Normal Puberty
Puberty refers to the physical and hormonal changes which typically begin in early adolescence and lead to reproductive maturity and comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - Medical Evaluation Of Delayed Puberty
Pediatric endocrinologists are the physicians with the most training and experience evaluating delayed puberty. A complete medical histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Complications
Obesity, especially central obesity (male-type or waist-predomimant obesity), is an important risk factor for the "metabolic syndrome" ("...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Definition
Obesity is a concept that is being continually redefined. In humans, the most common statistical estimate of excess fat mass is the body ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Cultural And Social Significance
Obesity - Culture and obesity. In several human cultures, obesity is associated with attractiveness, strength, and fertility. Some of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Therapy
The mainstay of treatment for obesity is an energy-limited diet and increased exercise. In studies, diet and exercise programs have consi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - Management Of Delayed Puberty
If a child is healthy but simply late, reassurance and prediction based on the bone age can be provided. No other intervention is usually...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone - Control Of Fsh And Lh
At the pituitary, GNRH1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kallmann Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Kallmann Syndrome - Treatment
Treatment is directed at restoring the deficient hormones -- known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Males are administered human cho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kallmann Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Kallmann Syndrome - Pathophysiology
Under normal conditions, GnRH travels to the pituitary gland via the tuberoinfundibular pathway, where it triggers production of gonadotr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kallmann Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Kallmann Syndrome - Epidemiology
Kallmann syndrome occurs at a rate of 1 in 10,000 male births and 1 in 50,000 female births. It may be inherited as an X-linked condition...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swyer Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Swyer Syndrome - Diagnosis
Because of the inability of the streak gonads to produce sex hormones (both estrogens and androgens), most of the secondary sex character...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Werner Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Werner Syndrome - History
Werner syndrome is named after Otto Werner, a German student who described the syndrome as part of his doctoral thesis in 1904. This arti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hgh Controversies: Encyclopedia Ii - Hgh Controversies - Unproven Aspects Of Real Gh Use In Aging Adults
The Rudman study attracted much public attention. A number of scientific studies attempted to replicate and address the questions raised ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hgh Controversies: Encyclopedia Ii - Hgh Controversies - The Origin Of The Hgh Industry: Rudman And Klatz
Although endocrinologists and other scientists interested in aging were asking this question as early as the 1970s and there were some un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - How Is Delayed Puberty Evaluated?
Obviously anyone who is later than average is late in the ordinary sense. There are three indications that pubertal delay may be due to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone - Gnrh1 As A Neurohormone
GNRH1 is considered a neurohormone, a hormone produced in a specific neural cell and released at its neural terminal. A key area for prod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone - Activity
GNRH1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. During the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hgh Controversies: Encyclopedia Ii - Hgh Controversies - Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency
The features of adult growth hormone deficiency include poor maintenance of lean body mass, with reduced muscle strength and diminished b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hgh Controversies: Encyclopedia Ii - Hgh Controversies - Background On Hormonal Aspects Of Aging
Most of the changes of the human body after age 30 are unwelcome, and are referred to as aging. For all of recorded history, people have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Controversies
There is continuous debate over obesity, at several levels. While scientific evidence for particular risks and treatments is fairly firm,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ataxia Telangiectasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ataxia Telangiectasia - Differential Diagnosis
Nijmegen syndrome, also known as ataxia telangiectasia variant 1, is a very rare syndrome which could be considered as a differential dia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erectile Dysfunction: Encyclopedia Ii - Erectile Dysfunction - Pathophysiology
Penile erection is managed by two different mechanisms. The first one is the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erectile Dysfunction: Encyclopedia Ii - Erectile Dysfunction - Clinical Tests Used To Diagnose Ed
Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound. Duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of atherosclerosis, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erectile Dysfunction: Encyclopedia Ii - Erectile Dysfunction - History
Dr. John R. Brinkley began a fad for finding cures for male impotence during the 1930s. He used the medium of radio to achieve the same k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis
Haemochromatosis - Imaging features. Clinically the disease may be silent, but characteristic radiological features may point to the di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Haemochromatosis - Genetics And Epidemiology
Haemochromatosis is one of the most common inheritable genetic defects, especially in people of northern European extraction, with about ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epididymitis: Encyclopedia Ii - Epididymitis - Epidemiology
This is usually caused by a secondary bacterial infection that is brought about by a variety of underlying conditions. Some cases of epid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Anemia - Diet And Anemia
Consumption of food rich in iron is essential to prevention of iron deficiency anemia; however, the average adult has approximately nine ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Controversies
There is continuous debate over obesity, at several levels. While scientific evidence for particular risks and treatments is fairly firm,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Therapy
The mainstay of treatment for obesity is an energy-limited diet and increased exercise. Although adherence to this regimen can cure obesi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Anemia - Signs And Symptoms
Anemia goes undetected in many people, and symptoms can be vague. Most commonly, people with anemia report a feeling of weakness or fatig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Anemia - Diagnosis
The only way to definitively diagnose most cases of anemia is with a blood test. Generally, clinicians order a full blood count. Apart fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Anemia - Anemia During Pregnancy
Anemia affects 20% of all females of childbearing age in the United States. Because of the subtleness of the symptoms, women are often un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology
People with the abnormal genes do not reduce their absorption of iron in response to increased iron levels in the body. Thus the iron sto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Haemochromatosis - Treatment
Early diagnosis is important because the late effects of iron accumulation can be wholly prevented by periodic phlebotomies (comparable i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Complications
Obesity, especially central obesity (male-type or waist-predomimant obesity), is an important risk factor for the "metabolic syndrome" ("...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ataxia Telangiectasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ataxia Telangiectasia - Classification
So far there appear to be three forms of AT: Pure AT where patients present with all/most of the diagnostic symptoms. Attenuated AT wher...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clobazam: Encyclopedia Ii - Clobazam - Mechanism Of Action
Clobazam, like other 1,5-benzodiazepines, has less affinity for the ω1-allosteric binding site on the GABAA receptor compared to the 1,4...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clobazam: Encyclopedia Ii - Clobazam - Adverse Effects
Clobazam - Rare. gelastic seizures[27] urticaria rashes ... See also:Clobazam, Clobazam - Mechanism of Action, Clobazam - Metabolis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clobazam: Encyclopedia Ii - Clobazam - Contraindications
Clobazam - Preexisting Conditions. myasthenia gravis sleep apnea severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis[28] respiratory...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Definition
Obesity is a concept that is being continually redefined. In humans, the most common statistical estimate of obesity is the body mass ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Obesity: Encyclopedia Ii - Obesity - Cultural And Social Significance
Obesity - Culture and obesity. In several human cultures, obesity is associated with attractiveness, strength, and fertility. Some of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orchitis: Encyclopedia Ii - Orchitis - Causes
Orchitis can be related to epididymitis infection that has spread to the testicles. Orchitis is a not as common as epididymitis, but shou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pituitary Adenoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Pituitary Adenoma - Diagnosis
The diagnosis is generally entertained either on the basis of visual difficulties arising from the compression of the optic nerve by the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prolactin: Encyclopedia Ii - Prolactin - Diagnostic Use
Prolactin levels may be checked as part of a sex hormone workup, as elevated prolactin levels suppress FSH and GnRH and hence lead to hyp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prolactin: Encyclopedia Ii - Prolactin - Use Of Breastfeeding As Contraceptive
As a contraceptive, demand breastfeeding is said to be more than 90% effective in the first month of post-partum even if no other forms o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delayed Puberty: Encyclopedia Ii - Delayed Puberty - What’s The Normal Timing Of Puberty And What's Delayed?
Approximate mean ages for onset of various pubertal changes are as follows. Ages in parentheses are the approximate 3rd and 97th percenti...   » Read the article