Micropenis can have a variety of causes. Since it is defined statistically, a large proportion of males with micropenis are simply normal but in the lowest percentile of normal size. As for many other conditions, the term "idiopathic" is often used when a cause cannot be determined. Of the abnormal conditions associated with micropenis, most are conditions of reduced prenatal androgen production or effect. Examples include abnormal testicular development (testicular dysgenesis, Klinefelter syndrome, Leydig cell hypoplasia), specific d ...

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Micropenis, Micropenis - Causes, Micropenis - Treatment

Read more here: » Micropenis: Encyclopedia II - Micropenis - Causes

Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. There are various underlying causes, many of which are medically reversible. Due to its personal nature, the subject has been taboo for a long time, and is the stuff of many urban legends. Since the 1930s, folk remedies have been advertised widely for the condition. The introduction of sildenafil (Viagra®) in the 1990s caused a second wave o ...

Including:

• Erectile dysfunction - Medical symptoms
• Erectile dysfunction - Medical diagnosis
• Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED
• Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound
• Erectile dysfunction - Penile nerves function
• Erectile dysfunction - Nocturnal penile tumescence NPT
• Erectile dysfunction - Penile biothesiometry
• Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology
• Erectile dysfunction - Treatment
• Erectile dysfunction - PDE5 Inhibitors
• Erectile dysfunction - PT-141
• Erectile dysfunction - Ginseng
• Erectile dysfunction - Enzyte
• Erectile dysfunction - History
• Erectile dysfunction - External sources

Read more here: » Erectile dysfunction: Encyclopedia - Erectile dysfunction

Anemia (American English) or anaemia (Commonwealth English), which literally means "without blood," is a deficiency of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin. This results in a reduced ability of blood to transfer oxygen to the tissues. Hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells) has to be present to ensure adequate oxygenation of all body tissues and organs. The three main classes of anemia include excessive blood loss (acutely such as a hemorrhage or chronically through low-volume loss), excessive red bl ...

Including:

• Anemia - Signs and symptoms
• Anemia - Diagnosis
• Anemia - Differential diagnosis
• Anemia - Microcytic anemia
• Anemia - Normocytic anemia
• Anemia - Macrocytic anemia
• Anemia - Dimorphic Anemia
• Anemia - Specific anemias
• Anemia - Possible complications
• Anemia - Anemia during pregnancy
• Anemia - Diet and anemia
• Anemia - Treatments for anemia
• Anemia - Related topics

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Werner syndrome is a very rare, autosomal recessive disorder whose most recognizable characteristic is premature aging. For this reason, Werner syndrome is often referred to as a progeroid syndrome, as it partly mimics the symptoms of Progeria. The defect is on a gene that codes DNA helicase and it is located on the short arm of the 8th chromosome. As a result DNA replication is impaired in this syndrome. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Werner syndrome - Symptoms. Individuals ...

Including:

• Werner syndrome - Symptoms
• Werner syndrome - Epidemiology
• Werner syndrome - Genetics
• Werner syndrome - History

Read more here: » Werner syndrome: Encyclopedia - Werner syndrome

Obesity is a condition where the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and mammals is increased to the point where it may impair health. Obesity in wild animals is relatively rare, but it is common in domestic animals like pigs and household pets who may be overfed and underexercised. In humans it is generally considered to be a leading cause of health problems. Excessive body weight has been shown to predispose to various forms of disease, particularly cardiovascular disease. Interventions, such as weigh ...

Including:

• Obesity - Definition
• Obesity - Etymology
• Obesity - Cultural and social significance
• Obesity - Culture and obesity
• Obesity - Popular culture
• Obesity - Causes
• Obesity - Causative factors
• Obesity - Evolutionary aspects
• Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms
• Obesity - Societal causes
• Obesity - Poverty link
• Obesity - Complications
• Obesity - Therapy
• Obesity - Controversies
• Obesity - Medicalization of obesity
• Obesity - Health effects of obesity
• Obesity - Medical responses to obesity
• Obesity - Prevalence and public interest
• Obesity - Policy responses to obesity

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Image:Bromocriptine.png Bromocriptine G02CB01 N04BC01 Bromocriptine is an ergoline derivative dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors and Parkinson's disease. Amenorrhea, female infertility, galactorrhea, hypogonadism, and acromegaly may all be caused by pituitary problems, and therefore, these problems may be treated by this drug. It is also used following stillbirth to suppress the mother's produc ...

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Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. Ovary - Mammalian ovary. Ovaries are part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Normally, a female will have two ovaries, each performing two major functions: producing eggs and secreting hormones. Ovaries in females are homologous to testes in males. Most birds have only one functioning ovary; snakes have two, one in front of the other. As female mammals develop within the womb, each ovary develops a number of i ...

Including:

• Ovary - Mammalian ovary

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A number of surgical techniques for penis enlargement have been devised and performed but are not generally considered successful enough to be widely adopted and are rarely performed in childhood. In extreme cases of micropenis, there is barely any shaft, and the glans appears to sit almost on the pubic skin. From the 1960s until the late 1970s, it was not unusual for sex reassignment and surgery to be recommended. This was especially likely if evidence suggested that response to additional testosterone and pubertal testosterone would ...

See also:

Micropenis, Micropenis - Causes, Micropenis - Treatment

Read more here: » Micropenis: Encyclopedia II - Micropenis - Treatment

HGH and hGH refer to "human growth hormone." The reader may be curious as to why only this hormone is still often referred to as "human" when the term could obviously be appended to every hormone in the article Hormone. After three-letter abbreviations of amino acids were found so useful in the 1950s, endocrinologists in the 1950s tended to favor 3 letter abbreviations even for two-word hormones. At that time, most of the hormones available for administration, especially the proteins, were derived from animals. Most were simil ...

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HGH controversies, HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology, HGH controversies - Adult growth hormone deficiency, HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging, HGH controversies - The origin of the HGH industry: Rudman and Klatz, HGH controversies - Unproven aspects of real GH use in aging adults, HGH controversies - How these concepts are used misleadingly to market products on the internet

Read more here: » HGH controversies: Encyclopedia II - HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology

Obesity - Causative factors. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, fat cells (and to a lesser extent muscle and liver cells) throughout the body take in the energy and store it as fat. In its simplest conception, therefore, obesity is only made possible when the lifetime energy intake exceeds lifetime energy expenditure by more than it does for individuals of "normal weight." In all individuals, the excess energy utilized to generate fat reserves is minute relative to the total number of calories ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Causes

Haemochromatosis is notoriously protean, i.e. it presents with symptoms that are often initially attributed to other diseases. Symptoms may include: Malaise Liver cirrhosis (with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, affecting up to a third of all homozygotes) - this is often preceded by a period of a painfully enlarged liver. Insulin resistance (often patients have already been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2) Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism Congestive heart fail ...

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Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History

Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of orchitis are similar to those of testicular torsion. These can include: ejaculation of blood hematuria (blood in the urine) pain visible swelling of a testicle or testicles This condition must be diagnosed by a physician. ...

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Orchitis, Orchitis - Symptoms, Orchitis - Causes, Orchitis - Treatment

Read more here: » Orchitis: Encyclopedia II - Orchitis - Symptoms

Pituitary tumors were, historically, classed as basophilic, acidophilic, or chromophobic on the basis of whether or not they took up the stains hematoxylin and eosin. This classification has fallen into disuse, in favor of a classification based on what type of hormone is secreted by the tumor (though tumors which do not secrete any active hormone ("non-functioning tumors") are still sometimes called "chromophobic"). At present, classification of pituitary tumors is based on plasma hormone levels or immunohistochemical staining: < ...

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Pituitary adenoma, Pituitary adenoma - Types, Pituitary adenoma - Diagnosis, Pituitary adenoma - Treatment

Read more here: » Pituitary adenoma: Encyclopedia II - Pituitary adenoma - Types

Obesity - Causative factors. Obesity is believed to be caused by excessive caloric intake accompanied with insufficient caloric expenditure. Factors that may contribute to this imbalance include: Limited exercise and sedentary lifestyle Genetic predisposition A high glycemic diet (i.e. a diet that consists of meals that give high postprandial blood sugar) Weight cycling, caused by repeated attempts to lose weight by dieting Underlying illness (e.g. hypothyroidism)< ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Causes

The identity of GNRH1 was clarified by the 1977 Nobel Laureates Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally: pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly CONH2. ...

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Gene, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 as a neurohormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Control of FSH and LH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Activity, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GNRH1 in other organs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Medication, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Agonists and antagonists

Read more here: » Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Structure

Prolactin has many effects, the most significant of which is to stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation). Increased serum prolactin during pregnancy causes enlargement of the mammary glands of the breasts and increases the production of milk. However, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy acts directly on the breasts to stop ejection of milk. It is only when the levels of these hormones fall a ...

See also:

Prolactin, Prolactin - Production of milk, Prolactin - Variance in levels, Prolactin - Diagnostic use, Prolactin - Conditions causing elevated prolactin, Prolactin - Conditions causing decreased prolactin, Prolactin - Use of breastfeeding as contraceptive

Read more here: » Prolactin: Encyclopedia II - Prolactin - Production of milk

Treatment depends on the cause. Testosterone supplements may be used for cases with hormonal deficiency. However, usually the cause is lack of adequate penile blood supply as a result of age-dependent damage of inner walls of blood vessels. Previously, medical substances (e.g. apomorphine) were directly injected into the erectile tissue of penile shaft to treat impotence. In some cases refractory to the medical treatment, a penile implant (penile prosthesis) could be advised. After the discovery of orally active agents that increase the efficacy of NO, which dilates the blood vessels of corpora cavern ...

See also:

Erectile dysfunction, Erectile dysfunction - Medical symptoms, Erectile dysfunction - Medical diagnosis, Erectile dysfunction - Clinical tests used to diagnose ED, Erectile dysfunction - Duplex ultrasound, Erectile dysfunction - Penile nerves function, Erectile dysfunction - Nocturnal penile tumescence NPT, Erectile dysfunction - Penile biothesiometry, Erectile dysfunction - Pathophysiology, Erectile dysfunction - Treatment, Erectile dysfunction - PDE5 Inhibitors, Erectile dysfunction - PT-141, Erectile dysfunction - Ginseng, Erectile dysfunction - Enzyte, Erectile dysfunction - History, Erectile dysfunction - External sources

Read more here: » Erectile dysfunction: Encyclopedia II - Erectile dysfunction - Treatment

In 1996 the gene responsible for Werner syndrome was identified (and named WRN) and found to be a member of the RecQ family of helicases. Other members of this family include the genes responsible for Bloom syndrome (BLM gene), and a subset of Rothmund-Thomson (RECQ4 gene) patients. The Werner protein is thought to perform several tasks in the cell, including the maintenance and repair of DNA. It also assists in making copies of DNA in preparation for cell division. Mutations in the WRN gene often lead to the production of an abnormal ...

See also:

Werner syndrome, Werner syndrome - Symptoms, Werner syndrome - Epidemiology, Werner syndrome - Genetics, Werner syndrome - History

Read more here: » Werner syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Werner syndrome - Genetics

AT is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ATM gene located on chromosome 11q22-23 (OMIM 208900). It was characterised in June of 1995 and is made up of 66 exons spread across 150kb of genomic DNA. It encodes a 13kb mature transcript with an open reading frame of 9168 nucleotides. The ATM protein is about 370kDa long and is ubiquitously expressed and is localised to the cell nucleus. The ATM protein is a large serine-threonine kinase thought to play a role in regulating cell cycle checkpoints, repair of double stranded ...

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Ataxia telangiectasia, Ataxia telangiectasia - Definition/Criteria, Ataxia telangiectasia - Classification, Ataxia telangiectasia - Differential Diagnosis, Ataxia telangiectasia - Clinical Description, Ataxia telangiectasia - Management, Ataxia telangiectasia - Diagnostic Methods, Ataxia telangiectasia - Aetiology, Ataxia telangiectasia - Clinical Aspects, Ataxia telangiectasia - Prognosis, Ataxia telangiectasia - Epidemiology/ Prevalence, Ataxia telangiectasia - Molecular Diagnosis, Ataxia telangiectasia - Genetic Counselling, Ataxia telangiectasia - Antenatal Diagnosis

Read more here: » Ataxia telangiectasia: Encyclopedia II - Ataxia telangiectasia - Aetiology

Epididymitis can be hard to distinguish from testicular torsion. Sometimes, both can occur at the same time. Tests are needed to distinguish chronic epididymitis from a range of other disorders that can cause constant scrotal pain. These include: testicular cancer, enlarged scrotal veins (varicocele) or a cyst within the epididymis. As well, the nerves in the scrotal area are connected to those of the abdomen, sometimes causing pain similar to a hernia (see referred pain). Tests may also include a physical examination and ultraso ...

See also:

Epididymitis, Epididymitis - Diagnosis, Epididymitis - Complications, Epididymitis - Treatment, Epididymitis - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Epididymitis: Encyclopedia II - Epididymitis - Diagnosis