The recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp, usually after preparing the scalp area by light abrasion and application of a conductive gel to reduce impedance. Each electrode is connected to an input of a differential amplifier (one amplifier per pair of electrodes), which amplifies the voltage between them (typically 1,000–100,000 times, or 60–100 dB of voltage gain), and then displays it on a screen or inputs it to a computer. The amplitude of the EEG is about 100 µV when measured on the scalp, and about ...

See also:

Electroencephalography, Electroencephalography - Methods, Electroencephalography - Wave types, Electroencephalography - History, Electroencephalography - Notes

Read more here: » Electroencephalography: Encyclopedia II - Electroencephalography - Methods

Restorative theories of sleep describe sleep as a dynamic time of healing and growth for organisms. For example, during stages 3 and 4, or slow wave sleep, growth hormone levels increase, and changes in immune function occur. The myriad illnesses associated with sleep deprivation testify to its restorative function. According to the Ontogenetic Hypothesis of REM sleep, the activity occurring during neonatal REM sleep (or Active Sleep) seems to be particularly important to the developing organism (Marks et al., 1995). Studies investiga ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep

Animals vary widely in their amounts of sleep, from 2 hours a day for giraffes to 20 hours for bats. Generally, required sleeping time decreases as body size increases. Cats are one of the few animals that do not have most of their sleep consolidated into one session, preferring instead to spread their sleep fairly evenly throughout the day. Water mammals "sleep" with alternate hemispheres of their brains asleep and the other awake. They need to do this so they can breathe above water while sleeping. Migrat ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Animal sleep

Sleep - Sleep aiding. The pharmacological approach to inducing sleep involves the use of depressant drugs [4], formerly barbiturates, but today usually benzodiazepines, which depress the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). Non-prescription antihistamines, which are commonly marketed as sleep aids, are also available. Today, sleeping pills are generally prescribed only on a temporary basis and only if symptoms of insomnia are severe enough to seriously impede a patients life. It is possible habitua ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Drugs and sleep

A psychotic episode can be significantly coloured by mood. For example, people experiencing a psychotic episode in the context of depression may experience persecutory or self-blaming delusions or hallucinations, while people experiencing a psychotic episode in the context of mania may form grandiose delusions or have an experience of deep religious significance. Although usually distressing and regarded as an illness process, some people who experience psychosis find beneficial aspects and value the experience or revelations that stem from it.

See also:

Psychosis, Psychosis - Overview, Psychosis - Psychotic experience, Psychosis - Hallucinations, Psychosis - Delusions and paranoia, Psychosis - Thought disorder, Psychosis - Lack of insight, Psychosis - Medical understanding of psychosis, Psychosis - Psychosis and brain function, Psychosis - Cannabis and psychosis, Psychosis - Non-psychiatric conditions and psychosis

Read more here: » Psychosis: Encyclopedia II - Psychosis - Psychotic experience

Restorative theories of sleep describe sleep as a dynamic time of healing and growth for organisms. For example, during stages 3 and 4, or slow wave sleep, growth hormone levels increase, and changes in immune function occur. The myriad illnesses associated with sleep deprivation testify to its restorative function. According to the ontogenetic hypothesis of REM sleep, the activity occurring during neonatal REM sleep (or Active Sleep) seems to be particularly important to the developing organism (Marks et al., 1995). Studies investiga ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep

According to Arthur Funkhouser, Ph.D., there are three types of déjà vu: Déjà vu - Déjà vécu. Usually translated 'already experienced' or 'already lived through,' déjà vecu is described in a quotation from David Copperfield by Charles Dickens: We have all some experience of a feeling, that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time - of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances ...

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Déjà vu, Déjà vu - Scientific research, Déjà vu - Links with disorders, Déjà vu - Parapsychology, Déjà vu - Dreams, Déjà vu - Types of déjà vu, Déjà vu - Déjà vécu, Déjà vu - Déjà senti, Déjà vu - Déjà visite, Déjà vu - Related phenomena, Déjà vu - Popular References, Déjà vu - References and notes

Read more here: » Déjà vu: Encyclopedia II - Déjà vu - Types of déjà vu

Men In Black accounts often feature "High Strangeness" or the Oz Factor (the latter term coined by ufologist Jenny Randles). Both terms are used to describe a strange sensation of "otherness", or of a dreamlike dissociation that accompanies some UFO reports. Such reports have led to speculation that Men In Black accounts are not part of any objective reality, but are rather best explained by altered states of consciousness, such as fantasy-prone personali ...

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Men in Black, Men in Black - Overview, Men in Black - Appearance & Behavior, Men in Black - Early accounts, Men in Black - Mary Jones, Men in Black - Modern accounts, Men in Black - Maury Island incident: The first MIB?, Men in Black - Bender and Barker, Men in Black - Dr. Herbert Hopkins, Men in Black - Peter Rojcewicz, Men in Black - Official interest, Men in Black - Actuality, Men in Black - Possible explanations, Men in Black - Adaptations, Men in Black - Sources

Read more here: » Men in Black: Encyclopedia II - Men in Black - Possible explanations

According to Arthur Funkhouser, Ph.D., there are three types of déjà vu: Déjà vu - Déjà vécu. Usually translated 'already experienced' or 'already lived through,' déjà vécu is described in a quotation from David Copperfield by Charles Dickens: We have all some experience of a feeling, that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time - of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances ...

See also:

Déjà vu, Déjà vu - Types of déjà vu, Déjà vu - Déjà vécu, Déjà vu - Déjà senti, Déjà vu - Déjà visité, Déjà vu - Scientific research, Déjà vu - Links with disorders, Déjà vu - Parapsychology, Déjà vu - Dreams, Déjà vu - Related phenomena, Déjà vu - Popular References, Déjà vu - References and notes

Read more here: » Déjà vu: Encyclopedia II - Déjà vu - Types of déjà vu

A common misperception is that everyone needs eight hours of sleep. The amount of sleep needed is different for each person. This amount needed is individually and biologically determined. Some can do with six hours of sleep, others need nine. However, as a general rule, eight hours is recommended. Sleep experts state that you cannot "store" sleep by sleeping more on the weekends in preparation for the normal work week. [1] The amount of sleep one requires decreases as they age. This is not necessarily the case. The ability to sleep, rather than the need for sleep, app ...

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Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep deprivation

A common misperception is that everyone needs eight hours of sleep. The amount of sleep needed is different for each person. This amount needed is individually and biologically determined. Some can do with six hours of sleep, others need nine. However, as a general rule, eight hours is recommended. Sleep experts state that you cannot "store" sleep by sleeping more on the weekends in preparation for the normal work week. [1] Another commonly held view is that the amount of sleep one requires decreases as one ages, but this is not necessarily the case ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep deprivation

There are a number of possible causes for psychosis. Psychosis may be the result of an underlying mental illness such as Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression), and schizophrenia. Psychosis may also be triggered or exacerbated by severe mental stress and high doses or chronic use of drugs such as amphetamines, LSD, PCP, cocaine or scopolamine. However, incidence of psychosis resulting from a single administration of any drug is rare, although cases have been reported in the medical literature suggesting a person's sensitivities to ...

See also:

Psychosis, Psychosis - Overview, Psychosis - Psychotic experience, Psychosis - Hallucinations, Psychosis - Delusions and paranoia, Psychosis - Thought disorder, Psychosis - Lack of insight, Psychosis - Medical understanding of psychosis, Psychosis - Psychosis and brain function, Psychosis - Cannabis and psychosis, Psychosis - Non-psychiatric conditions and psychosis

Read more here: » Psychosis: Encyclopedia II - Psychosis - Medical understanding of psychosis

There are a number of possible causes for psychosis. Psychosis may be the result of an underlying mental illness such as bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) or schizophrenia. Psychosis may also be triggered or exacerbated by severe mental stress and high doses or chronic use of drugs such as amphetamines, LSD, PCP, cocaine or scopolamine. However, incidence of psychosis resulting from a single administration of any drug is rare, although cases have been reported in the medical literature suggesting a person's sensitivities to n ...

See also:

Psychosis, Psychosis - Overview, Psychosis - Psychotic experience, Psychosis - Hallucinations, Psychosis - Delusions and paranoia, Psychosis - Thought disorder, Psychosis - Lack of insight, Psychosis - Medical understanding of psychosis, Psychosis - Psychosis and brain function, Psychosis - Cannabis and psychosis, Psychosis - Non-psychiatric conditions and psychosis

Read more here: » Psychosis: Encyclopedia II - Psychosis - Medical understanding of psychosis

'Lucid dreams have changed my life.' These are the words of former sceptic, Mark Creed. As an industrial chemist, 37-year-old Mark specialised in polymers, and like so many scientists, was schooled in the concept of behaviourism and thought that if anecdotal phenomena could not be physically measured, they probably did not exist.

Read more here: » Lucid Dreams: To be able to control your dream

Nowadays, my mailbag produces an ever increasing number of dreams which, when analysed, are spiritual or contain elements of spirituality - but why, and do these same dreams provide clues? Much can be learned from dreams, and I believe that they are screaming out at us some answers to these questions. Interestingly, this increase coincides with the general trend pervading modern society of the population apparently splitting into categories, which are becoming ever more entrenched in their own respective beliefs.Perhaps the interactive virtual reality programmes of this life have begun to run their course. Could it be that the increasing numbers of these dreams are just the early signs which do precede a new dawning of an age of spiritual awareness?

Read more here: » Spiritual dreams: Spiritual dreams - The sign of a new dawning?

Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming, enabling a more cogent ("lucid") control over the content and quality of the experience. The complete experience from start to finish is a lucid dream. Stephen LaBerge, a popular author and experimenter on the subject, has defined it as "dreaming while knowing that you are dreaming." [1] There are many unanswered questions about lucid dreaming, and about dreaming itself. LaBerge and his associates have called people who purposefully explore the pos ...

Including:

• Lucid dreaming - Achieving and recognizing lucid dreams
• Lucid dreaming - Ability
• Lucid dreaming - Common techniques
• Lucid dreaming - Other phenomena associated with lucid dreaming
• Lucid dreaming - Things to do while lucid dreaming
• Lucid dreaming - History of lucid dreaming research
• Lucid dreaming - Popular culture
• Lucid dreaming - Books

Read more here: » Lucid dreaming: Encyclopedia - Lucid dreaming

The demonstrably necessary phenomenon of dreaming would suffice to prove the importance of sleep to humans, and perhaps to other animals as well. Dreaming involves an involuntary conjuring up of sometimes magical images in a story-like sequence in which the sleeper/dreamer is usually more a participant than an observer. Most scientists agree that dreaming is stimulated by the pons and occurs during the REM phase of sleep. Many functions have been hypothesized for dreaming. Freud postulated that dreams are the symbolic expression of fr ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Dreaming

Even though it has only come to the attention of the general public in the last few decades, lucid dreaming is not a modern discovery. It is in the fifth century that we have the earliest written testimony of a lucid dream — in a letter written by St. Augustine of Hippo in 415 A.D. And even as early as the eighth century, the Tibetan Buddhists were practising a form of yoga supposed to maintain full waking consciousness while in the dream state. An early recorded lucid dreamer was the philosopher and physician Sir Thomas Browne (160 ...

See also:

Lucid dreaming, Lucid dreaming - Achieving and recognizing lucid dreams, Lucid dreaming - Ability, Lucid dreaming - Common techniques, Lucid dreaming - Other phenomena associated with lucid dreaming, Lucid dreaming - Things to do while lucid dreaming, Lucid dreaming - History of lucid dreaming research, Lucid dreaming - Popular culture, Lucid dreaming - Books

Read more here: » Lucid dreaming: Encyclopedia II - Lucid dreaming - History of lucid dreaming research

The most important aspect in lucid dreaming is to recognize that one is dreaming. Any time that a person recognizes a dream sign, or anything that is out of the ordinary, they should perform a reality test as stated below. Many people report having experienced a lucid dream during their lives, often in childhood. However, even with training, achieving lucid dreams on a regular basis can be difficult and is uncommon. Despite this difficulty, techniques have been developed to achieve a lucid dreaming state intentionally. A number of uni ...

See also:

Lucid dreaming, Lucid dreaming - Achieving and recognizing lucid dreams, Lucid dreaming - Ability, Lucid dreaming - Common techniques, Lucid dreaming - Other phenomena associated with lucid dreaming, Lucid dreaming - Things to do while lucid dreaming, Lucid dreaming - History of lucid dreaming research, Lucid dreaming - Popular culture, Lucid dreaming - Books

Read more here: » Lucid dreaming: Encyclopedia II - Lucid dreaming - Achieving and recognizing lucid dreams

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