In anatomy, the throat is the part of the neck anterior to the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone is the only bone located in the throat of mammals. Categories: Head and neck | Respiratory system ...

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See also:

Hyoid bone, Hyoid bone - Segments, Hyoid bone - The body or basihyal, Hyoid bone - The greater cornua or thyrohyals, Hyoid bone - The lesser cornua or ceratohyals, Hyoid bone - Ossification, Hyoid bone - Fracture

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The theory that Neanderthals lacked complex language was widespread until 1983, when a Neanderthal hyoid bone was found at the Kebara Cave in Israel. The bone that was found is virtually identical to that of modern humans. The hyoid is a small bone that holds the root of the tongue in place, a requirement to human speech and, therefore, its presence seems to imply some ability to speak. Many people believe that even without the hyoid bone evidence, it is obvious that tools as advanced as those of the Mousterian Era, attributed to Neanderthals, could not have been developed without cognitive skills en ...

See also:

Neanderthal, Neanderthal - Name and classification, Neanderthal - Discovery, Neanderthal - Physical traits, Neanderthal - Language, Neanderthal - Tools, Neanderthal - Key dates, Neanderthal - Popular culture

Read more here: » Neanderthal: Encyclopedia II - Neanderthal - Language

The tongue is the large bundle of muscles on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing. It is one of the organs of taste. Much of the surface of the tongue is covered in taste buds. The tongue assists in forming the sounds of speech. The word tongue can be used as a synonym for language, e.g., as in the phrase mother tongue. It is also examined and observed diagnostically in traditional Chinese medicine. The tongue is made mainly of skeletal muscle and attached to the hyoid bone, mandible an ...

Including:

• Tongue - Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
• Tongue - White tongue
• Tongue - Secondary Uses
• Tongue - Tongue Rolling
• Tongue - As a Food

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The cuboid bone is one of seven Tarsal bones. Distally, the Cuboid articulates with the fourth and fifth metatarsals, forming the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints. Proximally, it articulates with the calcaneus, forming the calcaneocuboid joint. The medial surface of the bone articulates with both the lateral cuneiform bone and the navicular bone. The inferior surface has a groove on its distal th ...

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In tetrapods, the carpus is the cluster of bones in the hand between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers, whereas those of the metacarpus do. The joint between the radius and ulna and the carpus is called the wrist. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The skeleton of the hand [Figs. 1, 2] is subdivided into three segments: the carpus or wrist bones; the metacarpus or bones of the palm; and the phalanges or bones of the d ...

Including:

• Carpus - The Carpus Ossa Carpi
• Carpus - Common Characteristics of the Carpal Bones

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There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial cuneiform, the intermediate cuneiform and the lateral cuneiform. They are located between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal bones and are medial to the cuboid bone. The first cuneiform (a.k.a. os cuneiform primum / medial cuneiform) is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the navicular and posterior to the base of the first metatarsal. It articulates with four bones: the navi ...

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The capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum) is a bone in the human hand. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the navicular and lunate; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body. The superior surface is round, smooth, and articulates with the lunate bone. The inferior surface is divided by two ridges into three facets, for articulation with the second, third, and fourth metacarpal bones, that for the third being the largest.< ...

Including:

• Capitate bone - Articulations

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The calcaneus is the large bone making up the heel of the human foot or the point of an animal's hock. Calcaneus - Human. It articulates with two other tarsal bones, the talus above and the cuboid toward the midfoot. In addition to receiving the weight of the body with each step, the calcaneus is the anchor for the plantar fascia, which supports the arch of the foot. The posterior-most portion of the calcaneus is the calcaneal tuberosity, a large, non-articulating process that is the i ...

Including:

• Calcaneus - Human
• Calcaneus - Horse

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Panthera leo Panthera onca Panthera pardus Panthera tigris Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae (the cats), which contains four well-known species: the tiger, lion, leopard, and jaguar. The genus comprises about half of the big cats. One meaning of the word panther is to designate cats of this family - though it can also mean large black cats - see black panther. Only these four cat species have the anatomical changes enabling them to roar, due to a ...

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The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. Neck - Anatomy of the human neck. Neck - Bony anatomy: The cervical spine. The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven bony segments, typically referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous disks between each vertebral body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion. Neck - Soft tissue anatomyIncluding:

• Neck - Anatomy of the human neck
• Neck - Bony anatomy: The cervical spine
• Neck - Soft tissue anatomy

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A skull, or cranium, is a bony structure of Craniates which serves as the general framework for a head. The skull supports the structures of the face and protects the brain against injury. Skull - Humans. In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, rigid articulations permitting very little movement. Eight bones form the neurocranium (braincase), a protective vault of bone surrounding ...

Including:

• Skull - Humans
• Skull - Development of the skull
• Skull - Pathology
• Skull - Craniometry and morphology of human skulls
• Skull - Bones of the human skull
• Skull - Other features of the skull

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The zygomatic bone (also known as the zygoma; Os Zygomaticum; Malar Bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It forms part of the orbit and is commonly referred to as the cheekbone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face: it forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; ...

Including:

• Zygomatic bone - Surfaces
• Zygomatic bone - Processes
• Zygomatic bone - Borders
• Zygomatic bone - Ossification
• Zygomatic bone - Articulations

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The vomer bone is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and touches the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomeronasal organ, also called Jacobson's organ, is a chemoreceptor organ named for its closeness to the vomer and nasal bones, and is particularly developed in animals such as cats (who adopt a characteristic pose called the Flehmen reaction or flehming when making use of it), and is thought to have ...

Including:

• Vomer bone - Ossification
• Vomer bone - Articulations

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The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of Homo (Homo neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago, during the Middle Paleolithic period. Neanderthals were adapted to the cold, as shown by their large braincases, short but robust builds, and large noses — traits selected by nature in cold climates, as observed in modern sub-arctic populations. Their brains were roughly ten percent larger than those of modern humans. On average, Neanderthal males stood about 1.65m tall (just under 5' 6") and were heavily b ...

Including:

• Neanderthal - Name and classification
• Neanderthal - Discovery
• Neanderthal - Physical traits
• Neanderthal - Language
• Neanderthal - Tools
• Neanderthal - Key dates
• Neanderthal - Popular culture

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The human larynx rests in a frame of cartilage bound by ligaments and muscles. At the front is the thyroid cartilage, creating the lump at the front of the neck, known as the laryngeal prominence or more commonly as the Adam's apple. The etymology of the term "Adam's apple" is unclear: Webster's 1913 dictionary states that the term "... is so called from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit, (an ...

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The fibula or calf bone is a bone placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms ...

Including:

• Fibula - The Upper Extremity or Head
• Fibula - The Body or Shaft
• Fibula - Borders
• Fibula - Surfaces
• Fibula - The Lower Extremity or Lateral Malleolus
• Fibula - Ossification

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The lacrimal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the maxilla and the inferior nasal concha. THORAX: sternum | rib SKULL: cranial bones (occipital | parietal | frontal | temporal | sphenoid | ethmoid) facial bones (nasal | maxilla | lacrimal | zygomatic | palatine | inferior nasal conchae | vomer | mandible | hyoid) UPPER EXTREMITY: clavicle | ...

See also:

Lacrimal bone, Lacrimal bone - Surfaces, Lacrimal bone - Borders, Lacrimal bone - Ossification, Lacrimal bone - Articulations

Read more here: » Lacrimal bone: Encyclopedia II - Lacrimal bone - Articulations

In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, rigid articulations permitting very little movement. Eight bones form the neurocranium (braincase), a protective vault of bone surrounding the brain and medulla oblongata. Fourteen bones form the splanchnocranium, the bones supporting the face. Encased within the temporal bones are the six ear ossicles of the middle ear. The hyoid bone, supporting the larynx, is usually not considered as part of the skull, as it does not ...

See also:

Skull, Skull - Humans, Skull - Development of the skull, Skull - Pathology, Skull - Craniometry and morphology of human skulls, Skull - Bones of the human skull, Skull - Other features of the skull

Read more here: » Skull: Encyclopedia II - Skull - Humans

The structure of the larynx is mainly composed of cartilage bound by ligaments and muscle. At the front is the thyroid cartilage, creating the prominence of the Adam's apple in humans. The inferior horns (protrusions at the bottom rear of the thyroid cartilage) of the thyroid cartilage rest on a ring-shaped cartilage called the cricoid cartilage which connects the larynx to the trachea. The cricoid cartilage resembles a signet ring (narrow in front, broader in back). Above the larynx is the hyoid bone, by which (via various muscles and ligam ...

See also:

Larynx, Larynx - Structure, Larynx - Function, Larynx - Descended larynx, Larynx - Disorders

Read more here: » Larynx: Encyclopedia II - Larynx - Structure