hydroxides

Clay is a generic term for an aggregate of hydrous silicate particles less than 4 μm (micrometres) in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water. Clays are generally formed by the chemical weathering of silicate-bearing rocks by carbonic acid, but some are formed by hydrothermal activity. Clays are distinguished from other small parti ...

Including:

• Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

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Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that absorbs hydronium ions when dissolved in water (a proton acceptor). An alkali is a special example of a base, where in an aqueous environment, h ...

Including:

• Base chemistry - Common bases
• Base chemistry - Bases and pH
• Base chemistry - Characteristics of Bases
• Base chemistry - Neutralization of acids
• Base chemistry - Alkalinity of non-hydroxides
• Base chemistry - Bases as heterogeneous catalysts

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Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is an important ore of aluminium and is one of three minerals that make up the rock bauxite. Bauxite is often thought of as a mineral but is really a rock composed of aluminium oxide and hydroxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite (AlO(OH)), and diaspore (HAlO2), as well as clays, silt, and iron oxides and hydroxides. Bauxite is a laterite, a rock formed from intense weathering environments such as foun ...

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The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. Chlorate - Examples. potassium chlorate, KClO3 sodium chlorate, NaClO3 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2 See category for a bigger list. Chlorate - Preparation. Metal chlorates can be prepared by ...

Including:

• Chlorate - Definition
• Chlorate - Examples
• Chlorate - Preparation
• Chlorate - Discussion

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The alkali metals are the series of elements in Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table, excluding hydrogen: that is, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). They are all highly reactive and are never found in elemental form in nature. The alkali metals are silver-colored, soft, low-density metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. These elements all ha ...

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The alkaline earth metals are the series of elements in Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra) (not always considered due to its radioactivity and very short half-life). The alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides, the alkaline earths, whose old-fashioned names were beryllia, magnesia, lime, strontia and baryta. These were named alkaline earths because of their interm ...

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Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides. Rusting is a common term for corrosion, and usually corrosion of steel. Iron is found naturally in the ore hematite as iron oxide, and metallic iron tends to return to a similar state when exposed to air, (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc) and water. This corrosion is due to the oxidation reaction when iron metal returns to an energetically favourable state. Energy is given off when rust fo ...

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Carbide - Methides. A salt corresponding to the ion C4− can be called a methide. Methides commonly react with water to form methane. Carbide - Acetylides. A salt corresponding to the ion C22− can be called an acetylide. Acetylides commonly react with water to form acetylene. Carbide - Compounds that do not fit usual notions of valence or stoichiometry. Carbide - Interstitial carbides. These are formed with ...

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Carbide, Carbide - Examples, Carbide - Types of carbides, Carbide - Methides, Carbide - Acetylides, Carbide - Compounds that do not fit usual notions of valence or stoichiometry, Carbide - Interstitial carbides, Carbide - Some covalent compounds, Carbide - Properties

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Clays are heavy in texture yet soft to the touch. Clay is a malleable substance when wet, which means it can be shaped easily with the hands. When dry, it becomes firm and when "fired," or hardened by intense heat, clay becomes permanently solid. A fireplace specifically designed for hardening clay is called a kiln. These properties make clay an ideal subtance for making pottery, stoneware and various other practical items. Early humans discovered the useful properties of clay in prehistoric times, and one of the earliest artifacts ever unco ...

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Clay, Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

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Clays are heavy in texture yet soft to the touch. Clay is a malleable substance when wet, which means it can be shaped easily with the hands. When dry, it becomes firm and when "fired," or hardened by intense heat, clay becomes permanently solid. A fireplace or oven specifically designed for hardening clay is called a kiln. These properties make clay an ideal substance for making durable pottery items, both practical and decorative, with different types of clay and firing conditions giving earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. Early humans d ...

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Clay, Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

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Inorganic compounds by element - Aluminium. AlH3, AlBr3, AlCl3, AlnCl(3n-m)(OH)m, AlF3, AlGaAs2, AlGaN2, Al(OH)3, Al(i-PrO)3, Al(NO3)3, AlN, Al2O3, Al2(SO4)3, Al2S3, i-Bu2AlH (DIBAL-H), Et2AlCl, LiAlH4, (-Al(CH3)O-)n, Et3Al, Me3Al < ...

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Inorganic compounds by element, Inorganic compounds by element - Elements, Inorganic compounds by element - Aluminium, Inorganic compounds by element - Americium, Inorganic compounds by element - Antimony, Inorganic compounds by element - Arsenic, Inorganic compounds by element - Barium, Inorganic compounds by element - Beryllium, Inorganic compounds by element - Bismuth, Inorganic compounds by element - Boron, Inorganic compounds by element - Bromine, Inorganic compounds by element - Cadmium, Inorganic compounds by element - Caesium, Inorganic compounds by element - Calcium, Inorganic compounds by element - Carbon, Inorganic compounds by element - Cerium, Inorganic compounds by element - Chlorine, Inorganic compounds by element - Chromium, Inorganic compounds by element - Cobalt, Inorganic compounds by element - Copper, Inorganic compounds by element - Curium, Inorganic compounds by element - Dysprosium, Inorganic compounds by element - Erbium, Inorganic compounds by element - Europium, Inorganic compounds by element - Fluorine, Inorganic compounds by element - Gadolinium, Inorganic compounds by element - Gallium, Inorganic compounds by element - Germanium, Inorganic compounds by element - Gold, Inorganic compounds by element - Hafnium, Inorganic compounds by element - Holmium, Inorganic compounds by element - Hydrogen, Inorganic compounds by element - Indium, Inorganic compounds by element - Iodine, Inorganic compounds by element - Iridium, Inorganic compounds by element - Iron, Inorganic compounds by element - Lanthanum, Inorganic compounds by element - Lead

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Portland cement - General. There are different standards for classification of portland cement. The two major standards are the American ASTM C150 and European EN-197. EN 197 cement Types CEM I, II, III, IV, and V do not correspond to the cement types in ASTM C 150, nor can ASTM cements be substituted for EN specified cement, without the designer’s approval. Portland cement - ASTM C150. There are five types of Portland cements with variations of the first three according to A ...

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Portland cement, Portland cement - Production, Portland cement - Use, Portland cement - Portland cement business, Portland cement - Types of Portland Cement, Portland cement - General, Portland cement - ASTM C150, Portland cement - EN 197, Portland cement - Safety and environmental effects

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Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years. Several processes are involved in the formation of nodules, including the precipitation of metals from seawater (hydrogenous), the remobilization of manganese in the water column (diagenetic), the derivation of metals from hot springs associated with volcanic activity (hydrothermal), the decomposition of basaltic debris by seawater (halmyrolitic) and the precipitation of metal hydroxides through the activity of microorganisms (biogenic). Several of these processes may operate concurrently or th ...

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Manganese nodule, Manganese nodule - Growth and composition, Manganese nodule - Occurrence, Manganese nodule - Mining, Manganese nodule - Legal developments, Manganese nodule - External link

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The pH of (impure) water is a measure of its acidity. In pure water, about one in ten million molecules dissociate into hydronium ions (H3O+) and hydroxide ions (OH−), according to the equation The concentration (in moles per liter) of the ions is indicated as [H3O+] and [OH−]; their product is the dissociation constant of water with and has the value 10−14 mol2/l2. The pH is defined as −log [H3O+]; thus, pure water has a pH of 7. (These numbers are correct at 23 °C ...

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Base chemistry, Base chemistry - Common bases, Base chemistry - Bases and pH, Base chemistry - Characteristics of Bases, Base chemistry - Neutralization of acids, Base chemistry - Alkalinity of non-hydroxides, Base chemistry - Bases as heterogeneous catalysts

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Strong base - Medium strong bases. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Strong base - Strong bases. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) Cesium hydroxide (CsOH) ...

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Strong base, Strong base - Common examples, Strong base - Medium strong bases, Strong base - Strong bases, Strong base - Very strong bases

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Oxides can be named after the amount of oxygen atoms in the oxide. Oxides containing only one oxygen are called oxide or monoxide, those containing two oxygen atoms dioxide, three trioxide, four tetroxide, and so on following the Greek numerical prefixes. There are two other types of oxide—peroxide and superoxide. Both count as oxides but have different oxidation states and react in different ways compared to oxides. ...

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Oxide, Oxide - Current naming, Oxide - Chemical properties, Oxide - Types of oxides, Oxide - Common oxides sorted by oxidation state

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Particles are transported by winds through suspension, saltation, and creep. Small particles may be held in the atmosphere in suspension. Upward currents of air support the weight of suspended particles and hold them indefinitely in the surrounding air. Typical winds near Earth's surface suspend particles less than 0.2 millimeters in diameter and scatter them aloft as dust or haze. Saltation is downwind movement of particles in a series of jumps or skips. Saltation normally lifts sand-size particles no more than one centimeter ...

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Eolian, Eolian - Eolian erosion, Eolian - Eolian transportation, Eolian - Eolian deposition

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The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. ...

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Chlorate, Chlorate - Definition, Chlorate - Examples, Chlorate - Preparation, Chlorate - Discussion

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There are three fundamental stages in the production of Portland cement: Preparation of the raw mixture Production of the clinker Preparation of the cement The chemistry of cement is very complex, so cement chemist notation was invented to simplify the formula of common molecules found in cement. The raw materials for Portland cement production are a mixture (as fine dust in the 'Dry process' or in the form of a slurry in the 'Wet process') of calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, ...

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Portland cement, Portland cement - Production, Portland cement - Use, Portland cement - Portland cement business, Portland cement - Types of Portland Cement, Portland cement - General, Portland cement - ASTM C150, Portland cement - EN 197, Portland cement - Safety and environmental effects

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The promise of nodule exploitation was one of the main factors that led developing nations to propose that the deep seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction should be treated as a “common heritage of mankind”, with proceeds to be shared between those who developed this resource and the rest of the international community. This initiative eventually resulted in the adoption (1982) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the establishment (1994) of the International Seabed Authority, with responsibility for cont ...

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Manganese nodule, Manganese nodule - Growth and composition, Manganese nodule - Occurrence, Manganese nodule - Mining, Manganese nodule - Legal developments, Manganese nodule - External link

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