Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required product quality. Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers. An important application of high-quality hydrochloric acid is the regeneration of ion exchange resins. Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water. Na+ is replaced by H3O+ Ca2+ is replaced ...

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety

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Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In aqueous hydrochloric acid, the H+ joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+: HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl- The other ion formed is Cl- or chloride ion. Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides, such as sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid is considered a strong acid, sinc ...

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety

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Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required product quality. Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers. An important application of high-quality hydrochloric acid is the regeneration of ion exchange resins. Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water. Na+ is replaced by H3O+ Ca2+ is replaced ...

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Physical properties, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - Related chemical substances, Hydrochloric acid - Related topics

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Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colourless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which easily oxidises in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to form HCuCl2 (a complex of CuCl), while dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce co ...

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CopperI oxide - Applications as semiconductor

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Vanadium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol V and atomic number 23. A rare, soft and ductile element, vanadium is found combined in certain minerals and is used mainly to produce certain alloys. Vanadium - Notable characteristics. Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, ...

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Vanadium - Notable characteristics Vanadium - Applications Vanadium - History Vanadium - Biological role Vanadium - Occurrence Vanadium - Isolation Vanadium - Compounds Vanadium - Isotopes Vanadium - Precautions

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Alchemists recognized since the Middle Ages that hydrochloric acid (then known as spirit of salt or acidum salis) gave off hydrogen chloride as a vapor which was called marine acid air. In the 17th century Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate, releasing hydrogen chloride gas. In 1772, Carl Wilhelm Scheele also ran this reaction and is sometimes credited with its discovery. Joseph Priestley prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772, and in 1818 Humphry Davy proved it was ...

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Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen chloride - Chemistry, Hydrogen chloride - Health effects, Hydrogen chloride - History, Hydrogen chloride - Production, Hydrogen chloride - Synthesis, Hydrogen chloride - HCl generator, Hydrogen chloride - Applications

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One way hydrogen chloride gas can be formed is by gradually adding water (or acid) to an excess of certain reactive chloride compounds such as phosphorus chlorides, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), or acyl chlorides. Adding more water would absorb the HCl gas forming hydrochloric acid. For example, cold water can be gradually dripped onto phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) to give HCl in this reaction:[4] Hot water could liberate more HCl by hydrolyzing PCl5 all the way to ortho-phosphoric acid.[4] Reaction of water with phosphorus trichloride ( ...

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Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen chloride - Chemistry, Hydrogen chloride - Health effects, Hydrogen chloride - History, Hydrogen chloride - Production, Hydrogen chloride - Synthesis, Hydrogen chloride - HCl generator, Hydrogen chloride - Applications

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Most hydrogen chloride produced on an industrial scale is used for hydrochloric acid production. The method of hydrogen chloride production from sodium chloride and sulfuric acid is also used on an industrial scale. A common way to produce hydrogen chloride in the chlor-alkali industry, is using an HCl oven, where hydrogen and chlorine gases combine in an exothermic reaction to give hydrogen chloride gas. This reaction can be used to ...

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Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen chloride - Chemistry, Hydrogen chloride - Health effects, Hydrogen chloride - History, Hydrogen chloride - Production, Hydrogen chloride - Synthesis, Hydrogen chloride - HCl generator, Hydrogen chloride - Applications

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The hydrogen chloride molecule HCl is a simple diatomic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected with a covalent single bond. Since the chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, the covalent bond between the atoms is quite polar. Since the overall molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge δ- at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge δ+ at the hydrogen atom, diatomic hydrogen chloride has a highly polar molecule. Therefore, it is very ...

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Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen chloride - Chemistry, Hydrogen chloride - Health effects, Hydrogen chloride - History, Hydrogen chloride - Production, Hydrogen chloride - Synthesis, Hydrogen chloride - HCl generator, Hydrogen chloride - Applications

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These are some of the uses for hydrogen chloride gas: Most hydrogen chloride is used in the production of hydrochloric acid. hydrochlorination of rubber production of vinyl and alkyl chlorides chemical intermediate in other chemical production use as babbitting flux treatment of cotton delinting separation from wool used in semiconductor industry (in pure grade) etching semiconductor crystals converting silicon to SiHCl3See also:

Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen chloride - Chemistry, Hydrogen chloride - Health effects, Hydrogen chloride - History, Hydrogen chloride - Production, Hydrogen chloride - Synthesis, Hydrogen chloride - HCl generator, Hydrogen chloride - Applications

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Mercury(II) chloride is obtained by the action of chlorine on mercury or mercury(I) chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid to a hot, concentrated solution of mercury(I) nitrate, HgNO3 + 2HCl → HgCl2 + H2O + NO2, or by heating a mixture of mercury(II) sulfate and sodium chloride. The mercuric chloride then sublimes and ...

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MercuryII chloride, MercuryII chloride - Production, MercuryII chloride - Applications, MercuryII chloride - Toxicity

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Resazurin, C12H7NO4, obtained by the action of nitrous acid on resorcinol (P. Weselsky and R. Benedikt, Monats., 1880, f, p. 889), forms small dark red crystals possessing a greenish metallic glance. When dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid and warmed to 210 °C, the solution on pouring into water yields a precipitate of resorufin, C12H7NO3, an oxyphenoxazone, which is insoluble in water, but is readily soluble in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, and in solutions of ca ...

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Resorcinol, Resorcinol - Nomenclature, Resorcinol - Production, Resorcinol - Properties, Resorcinol - Applications, Resorcinol - Related compounds, Resorcinol - Reference

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Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Although definitely a metal, it shares with Chromium and Manganese the property of having valency oxides with acid properties. Common oxidation states of vanadium include +2, +3, +4 and +5. A popular experiment with ammonium vanadate (NH4VOSee also:

Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions

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Palladium is a soft steel-white metal that resembles platinum, doesn't tarnish in air, and is the least dense and has the lowest melting point of the platinum group metals. It is soft and ductile when annealed and greatly increases its strength and hardness when it is cold-worked. Palladium is chemically attacked by sulfuric and nitric acid but dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. This metal al ...

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Palladium, Palladium - Notable characteristics, Palladium - Applications, Palladium - History, Palladium - Occurrence, Palladium - Isotopes

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Palynomorphs (usually between 5 and 500 micrometres in size) are extracted from rocks and sediments physically, by wet sieving, often after ultrasonic treatment, and chemically, by using chemical digestion to remove the non-organic fraction (e.g. using hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to digest carbonate minerals, and hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used to digest silicate minerals in suitable fume cupboards in specialist laboratories). Samples are then mounted on microscope slides and examined using li ...

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Palynology, Palynology - Methods of study, Palynology - Applications

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Iridium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in London, England along with osmium in the dark-colored residue of dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid). The element was named after the Latin word for rainbow (iris; iridium means "of rainbows") because many of its salts are strongly colored. An alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium was used in 1889 to construct the standard metre bar and kilogram mass, kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. T ...

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Iridium, Iridium - Notable characteristics, Iridium - Applications, Iridium - History, Iridium - Occurrence, Iridium - Isotopes, Iridium - Precautions

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Sodium hydroxide is completely ionic, containing sodium ions and hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong base which reacts with acids to form water and the corresponding salts, e.g., with hydrochloric acid sodium chloride is formed: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) In general such reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation: OH− ...

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Sodium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide - General properties, Sodium hydroxide - Chemical properties, Sodium hydroxide - Nomenclature, Sodium hydroxide - Manufacture, Sodium hydroxide - Methods of production, Sodium hydroxide - Major producers, Sodium hydroxide - Uses, Sodium hydroxide - General applications, Sodium hydroxide - Use in chemical analysis, Sodium hydroxide - Soap making, Sodium hydroxide - Biodiesel, Sodium hydroxide - Aluminum etching, Sodium hydroxide - Food preparation, Sodium hydroxide - Domestic uses, Sodium hydroxide - Precautions

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Hydrochloric acid was first discovered around the year 800 by Arab-Yemeni alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), by mixing common salt with vitriol (sulfuric acid). Jabir discovered or invented many important chemicals, and wrote his findings in over 20 books, which carried his chemical knowledge of hydrochloric acid and other basic chemicals for hundreds of years. Jabir's invention of the gold-dissolving aqua regia, consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, contributed to the effort of alche ...

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Physical properties, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - Related chemical substances, Hydrochloric acid - Related topics

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Hydrochloric acid - Physiology. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. ...

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety

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