Iron(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid which with Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine oxide forms stable adducts such as FeCl3(OPPh3)2 where Ph = phenyl. With chloride ion several anionic complexes are known, but the most stable contain the yellow tetrahedral FeCl4- ion. Solutions of FeCl4- in hydrochloric acid may be extracted into diethyl ether. When heated with iron(III) oxide at 350 °C the oxychloride FeOCl is formed. In the presence of base, iron(III) chloride may undergo repl ...

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IronIII chloride, IronIII chloride - Chemical properties, IronIII chloride - Preparation and production, IronIII chloride - Uses, IronIII chloride - Precautions, IronIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

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Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Signs and Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Therapy, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

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The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

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Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Treatment, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

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Dysprosium(III) chloride can be prepared as a yellow aqueous solution by reaction of either dysprosium metal or dysprosium(III) carbonate and hydrochloric acid. 2 Dy(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 DyCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g) Dy2(CO3)3(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 DyCl3(aq) + 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) Anhydrous DyCl3 can be made by dehydration of the hydrate either by slowly heating to 400 °C with 4-6 equivalents of ammonium chlo ...

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DysprosiumIII chloride, DysprosiumIII chloride - Chemical properties, DysprosiumIII chloride - Preparation, DysprosiumIII chloride - Uses, DysprosiumIII chloride - Precautions, DysprosiumIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Smoke-screen - Zinc chloride. Zinc chloride smoke is grey-white and consists of tiny particles of zinc chloride. The most common mixture for generating these is the zinc chloride smoke mixture (HC), consisting of hexachloroethane, grained aluminium and zinc oxide. The smoke consists of zinc chloride, zinc oxychlorides, and hydrochloric acid, which absorb the moisture in the air. The smoke also contains traces of org ...

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Smoke-screen, Smoke-screen - Technology, Smoke-screen - Smoke grenades, Smoke-screen - Smoke shell, Smoke-screen - Smoke generators, Smoke-screen - Naval methods, Smoke-screen - Chemicals used for smoke generation, Smoke-screen - Zinc chloride, Smoke-screen - Chlorosulphonic acid, Smoke-screen - Titanium tetrachloride, Smoke-screen - Phosphorus, Smoke-screen - Oil, Smoke-screen - Dyes, Smoke-screen - Tactics, Smoke-screen - Land fighting, Smoke-screen - Notable uses of smoke-screens in naval warfare

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The Leblanc process was a batch process in which sodium chloride was subjected to a series of treatments, eventually producing sodium carbonate. In the first step, the sodium chloride was heated with sulfuric acid to produce sodium sulfate (called the salt cake) and hydrochloric acid gas according to the chemical equation 2 NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 HCl This chemical reaction had been discovered in 1772 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Leblanc's contr ...

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Leblanc process, Leblanc process - Background, Leblanc process - Chemistry, Leblanc process - Industrial history, Leblanc process - Pollution issues, Leblanc process - Obsolesence

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Tin(II) chloride can dissolve in less than its own mass of water without apparent decomposition, but as the solution is diluted hydrolysis occurs to form an insoluble basic salt: Therefore if clear solutions of tin(II) chloride are to be used, hydrochloric acid must be added in order to maintain the Wiktionary:equilibrium towards the left-hand side (using Le Chatelier's principle). Solutions of SnCl2 are also unstable towards oxidation by the air: 6 SnCl2(aq) + O2(g) + 2 Water (molecul ...

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TinII chloride, TinII chloride - Structure, TinII chloride - Chemical properties, TinII chloride - Preparation, TinII chloride - Uses, TinII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers, TinII chloride - General References

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Nitro compounds participate in several organic reactions. Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds. Aliphatic nitro compounds are reduced to amines with hydrochloric acid and a iron catalyst Hydrolysis of nitro compounds yield aldehydes or ketones in the Nef reaction Nitro compound - Aromatic nitro compounds. Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with hydrogen gas over a platinum catalyst gives anilines. In nucleophilic aromatic substitutions the nitro group is replaced by the hydroxide anion to a phenol and by an alk ...

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Nitro compound, Nitro compound - Preparation, Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds, Nitro compound - Aromatic nitro compounds, Nitro compound - Reactions, Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds, Nitro compound - Aromatic nitro compounds

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ICD-10 codes have been provided where available. Poison - Corrosives T54. Corrosives mechanically damage biological systems on contact. Both the sensation and injury caused by contact with a corrosive resembles a burn injury. Strong inorganic acids, such as concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid, destroy any biological tissue with which they ...

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Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - By mechanism, Poison - Corrosives T54, Poison - Metabolic poisons energy, Poison - Neurotoxins T44, Poison - Teratogens birth defects, Poison - Mutagens DNA damage, Poison - Carcinogens cancer, Poison - By source, Poison - Non-radioactive inorganic poisons, Poison - Organic poisons, Poison - Naturally produced poisons and toxins, Poison - Famous poisonings, Poison - Confirmed poisonings, Poison - Suspected or rumoured poisonings, Poison - Poisons in crime fiction, Poison - Novels, Poison - Plays, Poison - Films, Poison - Poison in other literary works, Poison - Novels

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Iridium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in London, England along with osmium in the dark-colored residue of dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid). The element was named after the Latin word for rainbow (iris; iridium means "of rainbows") because many of its salts are strongly colored. An alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium was used in 1889 to construct the standard metre bar and kilogram mass, kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. T ...

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The largest scale process to a nickel chloride probably involves the extraction with hydrochloric acid of nickel matte and residues, obtained from roasting refining nickel-containing ores. NiCl2(H2O)6 is rarely prepared in the laboratory because it is inexpensive and has a long shelf-life. The hydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form upon heating in thionyl chloride NiCl2(H2O)6 + 6 SOCl2 → NiCl2 + 6 SO2 + 12 HCl The ...

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NickelII chloride, NickelII chloride - Production and syntheses, NickelII chloride - Structure and properties, NickelII chloride - Reactions, NickelII chloride - Uses, NickelII chloride - Safety considerations, NickelII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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In water the following reversible reaction occurs between an acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base: The acidity constant (or acid dissociation constant) is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of HA with water: Strong acids have large Ka values (i.e. the reaction equilibrium lies far to the right, lots of H3O+ present; the acid is almost completely dissociated). For example, the Ka val ...

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Acid, Acid - Chemical characteristics, Acid - Number of acid dissociations, Acid - Characteristics of acids, Acid - Different definitions of acid/base, Acid - Acid number, Acid - Neutralization, Acid - Naming acids, Acid - Common acids, Acid - Strong inorganic acids, Acid - Medium to weak inorganic acids, Acid - Weak organic acids, Acid - Acids in food, Acid - Sources

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In water the following reversible reaction occurs between an acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base: HA + H2O ⇌ H3O + + A − The acidity constant (or acid dissociation constant) is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of HA with water: Strong acids have large Ka values (i.e. the reaction equilibrium lies far to the right, lots of H3 ...

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Acid, Acid - Chemical characteristics, Acid - Number of acid dissociations, Acid - Characteristics of acids, Acid - Different definitions of acid/base, Acid - Acid number, Acid - Neutralization, Acid - Naming acids, Acid - Common acids, Acid - Strong inorganic acids, Acid - Medium to weak inorganic acids, Acid - Weak organic acids, Acid - Acids in food, Acid - Sources

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On reaction of a (substituted) phenylhydrazine with an aldehyde or ketone a phenylhydrazone forms and isomerizes into the respective enamine (or 'ene-hydrazine'). After protonation a cyclic rearrangement occurs, involving a nucleophilic aromatic SNAr attack of the phenyl ring. The resulting aniline/imine forms a cyclic aminoacetal (or aminal) under acid catalysis that splits off NH3, resulting in the energetically favorable aromatic indole system. The reaction is catalyzed by acids such as sulfuric ac ...

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Fischer indole synthesis, Fischer indole synthesis - Reaction mechanism, Fischer indole synthesis - Buchwald modification

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Acetone peroxide can also occur accidentally, when suitable chemicals are mixed together. For example, when methyl ethyl ketone is mixed with acetone when making fiberglass, and left to stand for some time, or when a mixture of peroxide and hydrochloric acid from printed circuit board etching (the FeCl3 method is less smelly, more accurate, but slower) is mixed with waste acetone from cleaning the finished board and allowed to stand. While amounts obtained this way are typically much smaller than from intentional production, they are also less pu ...

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Acetone peroxide, Acetone peroxide - Chemistry, Acetone peroxide - Industrial occurrence, Acetone peroxide - Accidental byproduct

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The strengths of acids and bases in aqueous solutions are determined by the values of the dissociation constants Ka and Kb for acids and bases, respectively, and by their molar concentrations in solution. Outside of an aqueous solution, it is much more difficult to define the strengths of acids and bases (see Acid-base reaction theories for more information on Brønsted-Lowry, Arrhenius, and Lewis acids and bases.) For the purposes of this article, it is best to assume that a ...

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Acid dissociation constant, Acid dissociation constant - Basicity constant of the conjugate base, Acid dissociation constant - Relationship between acidity and basicity constants, Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases, Acid dissociation constant - pKa of some common substances

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The Acid number is used to quantify the amount of acid present, for example in a sample of biodiesel. It is the quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to neutralize the acidic constituents in 1 g of sample. AN = (Veq-beq)×N×56.1/Woil. Veq is the amount of titrant (ml) consumed by the crude oil sample and 1ml spiking solution at the equivalent point, and beqbeq is the amount of titrant (ml) consumed by 1ml spiking solution at the equivalent point. The molarity concentration of titrant (N) is calculated as such: N = 1000×W_{See also:}

Acid, Acid - Chemical characteristics, Acid - Number of acid dissociations, Acid - Characteristics of acids, Acid - Different definitions of acid/base, Acid - Acid number, Acid - Neutralization, Acid - Naming acids, Acid - Common acids, Acid - Strong inorganic acids, Acid - Medium to weak inorganic acids, Acid - Weak organic acids, Acid - Acids in food, Acid - Sources

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Sodium hydroxide is completely ionic, containing sodium ions and hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong base which reacts with acids to form water and the corresponding salts, e.g., with hydrochloric acid sodium chloride is formed: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) In general such reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation: OH− ...

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Sodium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide - General properties, Sodium hydroxide - Chemical properties, Sodium hydroxide - Nomenclature, Sodium hydroxide - Manufacture, Sodium hydroxide - Methods of production, Sodium hydroxide - Major producers, Sodium hydroxide - Uses, Sodium hydroxide - General applications, Sodium hydroxide - Use in chemical analysis, Sodium hydroxide - Soap making, Sodium hydroxide - Biodiesel, Sodium hydroxide - Aluminum etching, Sodium hydroxide - Food preparation, Sodium hydroxide - Domestic uses, Sodium hydroxide - Precautions

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Fluorosulfuric acid is prepared by the reaction: SO3 + HF = FSO3H, or by treating KHF2 or CaF2 with oleum at ~250 degrees celcius. When freed from HF by sweeping with an inert gas, it can be distilled in glass apparatus [1]. ...

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Fluorosulfuric acid, Fluorosulfuric acid - Chemical properties, Fluorosulfuric acid - Production, Fluorosulfuric acid - Applications, Fluorosulfuric acid - Safety

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The name mole is attributed to Wilhelm Ostwald who introduced the concept in the year 1902. He used it to express the gram molecular weight of a substance. So, for example, 1 mole of hydrochloric acid (HCl) has a mass of 36.5 grams (atomic weights Cl: 35.5 u, H: 1.0 u). Prior to 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC used oxygen to define the mole, the chemists defining the mole as the number of atoms of oxygen which had mass 16 g, the physicists using a similar definition but with the oxygen-16 isotope only. The two organizations agreed in ...

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Mole unit, Mole unit - Definition, Mole unit - Elementary entities, Mole unit - History, Mole unit - Utility of moles, Mole unit - Example calculation

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Neutralization is a type of reaction between an acid and a base. The products include a salt and water. So, it is also called a water forming reaction Example: This type of reaction forms the basis of titration methods for analyzing acids, where a pH indicator shows the point of neutralization. ...

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Acid, Acid - Chemical characteristics, Acid - Number of acid dissociations, Acid - Characteristics of acids, Acid - Different definitions of acid/base, Acid - Acid number, Acid - Neutralization, Acid - Naming acids, Acid - Common acids, Acid - Strong inorganic acids, Acid - Medium to weak inorganic acids, Acid - Weak organic acids, Acid - Acids in food, Acid - Sources

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Iron(II) sulfide itself doesn't have many real uses, but it is useful for demonstrating a certain number of chemical changes, especially exothermic reactions in laboratories. The methods of chemical composition can be shown by the production of iron(II) sulfide from iron and sulfur: S8 (s) + 8Fe (s) → 8FeS(s) This reaction itself requires a heated environment to carry out, however it is exothermic and ...

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IronII sulfide, IronII sulfide - Forms, IronII sulfide - Uses

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