Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis. The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemical production. In the chlor-alkali industry, salt solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming chemically pure HCl gas. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven. Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl The resulting pure hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in demineralized water, ...

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Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis. The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemical production. In the chlor-alkali industry, salt solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming chemically pure HCl gas. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called a HCl oven. Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl The resulting pure hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in demineralized water, ...

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Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Physical properties, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - Related chemical substances, Hydrochloric acid - Related topics

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Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, potentially damaging respiratory organs, eyes, skin and intestines. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as bleach (NaClO) or permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced. To minimize the risks while working with hydrochloric acid, appropriate precautions should be taken. For example, never add water to the acid, as the water will boil; add acid to the water instead. See references for details. D ...

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Hydrochloric acid - Physiology. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. ...

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The hydrogen chloride molecule HCl is a simple diatomic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected with a covalent single bond. Since the chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, the covalent bond between the atoms is quite polar. Since the overall molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge δ- at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge δ+ at the hydrogen atom, diatomic hydrogen chloride has a highly polar molecule. Therefore, it is very ...

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A classical synthesis of this ionic solid involves the action of hydrogen chloride on iron metal. Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl2 + H2 A convenient laboratory synthesis of FeCl2 entails the reaction of FeCl3 with chlorobenzene: 2FeCl3 + C6H5Cl → 2FeCl2 + C6H4Cl2 + HCl FeCl2 prepared in this way exhibits convenient solubility in tetrahydrofu ...

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IronII chloride, IronII chloride - Synthesis, IronII chloride - Structure, IronII chloride - Hydrated and aqueous ferrous chloride, IronII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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These are some of the uses for hydrogen chloride gas: Most hydrogen chloride is used in the production of hydrochloric acid. hydrochlorination of rubber production of vinyl and alkyl chlorides chemical intermediate in other chemical production use as babbitting flux treatment of cotton delinting separation from wool used in semiconductor industry (in pure grade) etching semiconductor crystals converting silicon to SiHCl3See also:

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FeCl2 forms complexes with many ligands. Its most fundamental derivative is the hydrate, FeCl2(H2O)4 (CAS#13478-10-9). Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated spent acid, especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed. The spent acid requires treatment before its disposal. ...

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One way hydrogen chloride gas can be formed is by gradually adding water (or acid) to an excess of certain reactive chloride compounds such as phosphorus chlorides, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), or acyl chlorides. Adding more water would absorb the HCl gas forming hydrochloric acid. For example, cold water can be gradually dripped onto phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) to give HCl in this reaction:[4] Hot water could liberate more HCl by hydrolyzing PCl5 all the way to ortho-phosphoric acid.[4] Reaction of water with phosphorus trichloride ( ...

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Alchemists recognized since the Middle Ages that hydrochloric acid (then known as spirit of salt or acidum salis) gave off hydrogen chloride as a vapor which was called marine acid air. In the 17th century Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate, releasing hydrogen chloride gas. In 1772, Carl Wilhelm Scheele also ran this reaction and is sometimes credited with its discovery. Joseph Priestley prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772, and in 1818 Humphry Davy proved it was ...

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Most hydrogen chloride produced on an industrial scale is used for hydrochloric acid production. The method of hydrogen chloride production from sodium chloride and sulfuric acid is also used on an industrial scale. A common way to produce hydrogen chloride in the chlor-alkali industry, is using an HCl oven, where hydrogen and chlorine gases combine in an exothermic reaction to give hydrogen chloride gas. This reaction can be used to ...

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Aqua regia works to dissolve gold, even though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a different task. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will actually dissolve a tiny (virtually undetectable) amount of gold, forming gold ions. The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions, which react with the former, thus taking the gold out of the solution. This allows further oxidation of gold to take place, and so, the gold is dissolved. Appropriate equations are: < ...

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Acid - Strong inorganic acids. Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Perchloric acid Acid - Medium to weak inorganic acids. Boric acid Carbonic acid Chloric acid Hydrofluoric acid Phosphoric aci ...

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Caesium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of caesium hydroxide or caesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid: the resulting salt is purified by recrystallization. Caesium metal reacts violently with chlorine gas to give caesium chloride, although the expense of metallic caesium means that this is not the usual route of preparation. ...

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Manganese(II) chloride may be prepared from manganese metal or manganese(II) carbonate reacting with hydrochloric acid. It is also produced when manganese(IV) oxide is heated with concentrated hydrochloric acid; this reaction was formerly used for the manufacture of chlorine. MnO2(s) + 4 HCl(aq) → MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2 H2O l) ...

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Parietal cells produce gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) in response to histamine (via H2 receptors), acetylcholine (M3 receptors) and gastrin (gastrin receptors). The histamine receptors act by increasing intracellular cAMP, whereas the muscarinic and gastrin receptors increase intracellular Ca2+ levels. Both cAMP and Ca2+ acts via protein kinases to increase the transport of acid into the stomach. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl i ...

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Parietal cell, Parietal cell - Acid production, Parietal cell - Intrinsic factor, Parietal cell - Diseases of parietal cells

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Copper(I) chloride may be prepared by the reduction of copper(II) salts such as CuSO4 using sulfur dioxide or copper metal. SO2 may be prepared in situ from sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) or sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) and acid. The reduction is carried out in hydrochloric acid, and the resulting CuCl2- complex is diluted to precipitate white CuCl (by driving the equilibrium using Le Chatelier's principle). (1) NaHSO3(aq) + HCl (aq) â ...

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Pepsin is expressed as a pro-form zymogen, pepsinogen, whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids. In the stomach, chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. The hormone gastrin and the vagus nerve trigger the release of both pepsinogen and HCl from the stomach lining when food is ingested. HCl creates an acidic environment which allows pepsinogen to unfold and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby ...

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Technical quality HCl at typically 18% concentration is the most commonly used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon steel grades. Fe2O3 + Fe + 6HCl → 3FeCl2 + 3H2O The spent acid has long been re-used as ferrous chloride solutions, but high heavy metal levels in the pickling liquor has decreased this practice. In recent years, the steel pickling industry has however developed hydrochloric acid regeneration processes, such as the spray r ...

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Pickling metal, Pickling metal - Pickling of steel, Pickling metal - Corrosion resistance, Pickling metal - Jewelry

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Cobalt(II) chloride may be prepared in its anhydrous form from cobalt metal and chlorine gas: Co(s) + Cl2(g) → CoCl2(s) The hydrated form can be prepared from cobalt(II) hydroxide or cobalt(II) carbonate with hydrochloric acid. ...

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Copper(II) chloride is prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on copper(II) oxide, copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate, for example: CuO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) Anhydrous CuCl2 may be prepared directly by union of the elements, copper and chlorine. CuCl2 may be purified by crystallisation from hot dilute hydrochloric acid, by cooling in a CaCl2-ice bath[7]. CuCl2 is also produced when a penny i ...

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