Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Chemistry
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Applications
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - History
Hydrochloric acid was first discovered around the year 800 by Arab-Yemeni alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), by mixing common salt with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkaloid: Encyclopedia - Alkaloid
An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals. The name derives from the word alk...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Oxide: Encyclopedia - Copperii Oxide
Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. It is a black solid which melts above 1200 °C with some loss of ox...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Indigestion: Encyclopedia - Acid Indigestion
Acid indigestion is a type of indigestion involving an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Frequent occurrence of acid indigestio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Base Metal: Encyclopedia - Base Metal
A base metal is a common or at least inexpensive metal. Frequently, the term is used to refer to those that oxidize or corrode relatively...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chyme: Encyclopedia - Chyme
Chyme is the liquid substance found in the stomach before passing the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It consists of partially d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acritarch: Encyclopedia - Acritarch
Acritarchs are small organic structures found as fossils. In general, any small, non-acid soluble (i.e. non carbonate, non-silicate) orga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperi Oxide: Encyclopedia - Copperi Oxide
Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Copper(I) oxide dissolves i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aqua Regia: Encyclopedia - Aqua Regia
Aqua regia (Latin for "royal water") is a highly corrosive, fuming yellow liquid, formed by a fresh mixture of concentrated nitric acid (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stibnite: Encyclopedia - Stibnite
Stibnite, sometimes also called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, has hardness 2 and a grey c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cranberry Glass: Encyclopedia - Cranberry Glass
Cranberry glass (or Gold Ruby glass as it is known in Europe) is a red glass made by adding gold chloride to the molten glass. Tin, in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zollinger-ellison Syndrome: Encyclopedia - Zollinger-ellison Syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a disorder where increased levels of the hormone gastrin are produced, causing the stomach to produce exces...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloride: Encyclopedia - Chloride
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vanadium: Encyclopedia - Vanadium
Vanadium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol V and atomic number 23. A rare, soft and ductile element, vanadi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia - Acid
Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Stron...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acyl Chloride: Encyclopedia - Acyl Chloride
In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a carboxylic acid. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Chemistry
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Safety
Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, pote...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis. The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis. The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Safety
Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, pote...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Hydrochloric Acid And Living Organisms
Hydrochloric acid - Physiology. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Chloride - Chemistry
The hydrogen chloride molecule HCl is a simple diatomic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected with a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ironii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Ironii Chloride - Synthesis
A classical synthesis of this ionic solid involves the action of hydrogen chloride on iron metal. Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl2 + H2 A conve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Chloride - Applications
These are some of the uses for hydrogen chloride gas: Most hydrogen chloride is used in the production of hydrochloric acid. hydrochlori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ironii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Ironii Chloride - Hydrated And Aqueous Ferrous Chloride
FeCl2 forms complexes with many ligands. Its most fundamental derivative is the hydrate, FeCl2(H2O)4 (CAS#13478-10-9). Hydrated forms of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Chloride - Synthesis
One way hydrogen chloride gas can be formed is by gradually adding water (or acid) to an excess of certain reactive chloride compounds su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Chloride - History
Alchemists recognized since the Middle Ages that hydrochloric acid (then known as spirit of salt or acidum salis) gave off hydrogen chlor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Chloride - Production
Most hydrogen chloride produced on an industrial scale is used for hydrochloric acid production. The method of hydrogen chloride producti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aqua Regia: Encyclopedia Ii - Aqua Regia - How It Works
Aqua regia works to dissolve gold, even though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Common Acids
Acid - Strong inorganic acids. Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Perchloric acid Acid - M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caesium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Caesium Chloride - Preparation
Caesium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of caesium hydroxide or caesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid: the resulting salt is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganeseii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganeseii Chloride - Preparation
Manganese(II) chloride may be prepared from manganese metal or manganese(II) carbonate reacting with hydrochloric acid. It is also produc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parietal Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Parietal Cell - Acid Production
Parietal cells produce gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) in response to histamine (via H2 receptors), acetylcholine (M3 receptors) and gas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperi Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperi Chloride - Preparation
Copper(I) chloride may be prepared by the reduction of copper(II) salts such as CuSO4 using sulfur dioxide or copper metal. SO2 may be pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pepsin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pepsin - Precursor
Pepsin is expressed as a pro-form zymogen, pepsinogen, whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids. In the stomach, chief ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pickling Metal: Encyclopedia Ii - Pickling Metal - Pickling Of Steel
Technical quality HCl at typically 18% concentration is the most commonly used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon steel grades. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cobaltii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Cobaltii Chloride - Preparation
Cobalt(II) chloride may be prepared in its anhydrous form from cobalt metal and chlorine gas: Co(s) + Cl2(g) → CoCl2(s) The hydrated ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperii Chloride - Preparation
Copper(II) chloride is prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on copper(II) oxide, copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate, for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resorcinol: Encyclopedia Ii - Resorcinol - Related Compounds
Resazurin, C12H7NO4, obtained by the action of nitrous acid on resorcinol (P. Weselsky and R. Benedikt, Monats., 1880, f, p. 889), forms ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Ammonium Chloride - Uses
Historically it was considered one of the four alchemical "spirits". The way that it dissociates into two corrosive materials (ammonia an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mercuryii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Mercuryii Chloride - Production
Mercury(II) chloride is obtained by the action of chlorine on mercury or mercury(I) chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid to a h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Carbonate - Occurrence
Calcium carbonate is found naturally as the following minerals and rocks: Aragonite Calcite Chalk Limestone Marble Travertine Eggshells...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palynology: Encyclopedia Ii - Palynology - Methods Of Study
Palynomorphs (usually between 5 and 500 micrometres in size) are extracted from rocks and sediments physically, by wet sieving, often aft...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indole: Encyclopedia Ii - Indole - Chemical Reactions Of Indole
Indole - Nitrogen basicity. Although the indole N-1 nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons, indole is not basic like amines and ani...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ironiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Ironiii Chloride - Preparation And Production
Anhydrous iron(III) chloride may be prepared by union of the elements: 2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 FeCl3(s) The solution of iron(III) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tinii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Tinii Chloride - Preparation
Anhydrous SnCl2 is prepared by the action of dry hydrogen chloride gas on tin metal. The dihydrate is made by a similar reaction, using h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vanadium: Encyclopedia Ii - Vanadium - Notable Characteristics
Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Anhydrous AuCl3 begins to decompose to AuCl at around 160 °C; however at this will in turn undergo disproportionation at higher temperat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Sulfate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Sulfate - Manufacture
About half of the world's sodium sulfate comes from natural sources (see above), while the other half is produced as a by-product of othe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Sulfate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Sulfate - Manufacture
About half of the world's sodium sulfate comes from natural sources (see above), while the other half is produced as a by-product of othe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palladium: Encyclopedia Ii - Palladium - Notable Characteristics
Palladium is a soft steel-white metal that resembles platinum, doesn't tarnish in air, and is the least dense and has the lowest melting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperi Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperi Chloride - Chemical Properties
Copper(I) chloride is a Lewis acid, classified as soft according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept. Thus it tends to form stable complex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromiumiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromiumiii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Chromium(III) chloride is a Lewis acid, classified as "hard" according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base theory. However it is also a chloro com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnesium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnesium Chloride - Preparation
In the Dow process, magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid: Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl → MgCl2(aq) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leblanc Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Leblanc Process - Pollution Issues
The Leblanc process plants were decidedly not environmentally friendly. The process of generating salt cake from salt and sulfuric acid r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tinii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Tinii Chloride - Uses
A solution of tin(II) chloride containing a little hydrochloric acid is used for the tin-plating of steel, in order to make tin cans. An ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroethane: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroethane - Production
Ethyl chloride is produced by reacting ethylene and hydrogen chloride over an aluminium chloride catalyst at temperatures ranging from 13...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Risk And Safety Statements: Encyclopedia Ii - Risk And Safety Statements - Example
The R/S statement code for fuming hydrochloric acid (37%) is: R: 34-37 S: 26-36-45 The corresponding English language phrases are: Ris...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silane: Encyclopedia Ii - Silane - Production
Industrially, silane is produced from metallurgical grade silicon in a two-step process. In the first step, powdered silicon is reacted w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Barium Chloride - Preparation
Barium chloride may be prepared from barium hydroxide or barium carbonate (found naturally as witherite) reacting with hydrochloric acid....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ironiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Ironiii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Iron(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid which with Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine oxide forms stable adducts such as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dysprosiumiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Dysprosiumiii Chloride - Preparation
Dysprosium(III) chloride can be prepared as a yellow aqueous solution by reaction of either dysprosium metal or dysprosium(III) carbonate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Smoke-screen: Encyclopedia Ii - Smoke-screen - Chemicals Used For Smoke Generation
Smoke-screen - Zinc chloride. Zinc chloride smoke is grey-white and consists of tiny particles of zinc chloride. The most common mixtur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leblanc Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Leblanc Process - Chemistry
The Leblanc process was a batch process in which sodium chloride was subjected to a series of treatments, eventually producing sodium car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tinii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Tinii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Tin(II) chloride can dissolve in less than its own mass of water without apparent decomposition, but as the solution is diluted hydrolysi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitro Compound: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitro Compound - Reactions
Nitro compounds participate in several organic reactions. Nitro compound - Aliphatic nitro compounds. Aliphatic nitro compounds are re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poison: Encyclopedia Ii - Poison - By Mechanism
ICD-10 codes have been provided where available. Poison - Corrosives T54. Corrosives mechanically damage biological systems on contact....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iridium: Encyclopedia Ii - Iridium - History
Iridium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in London, England along with osmium in the dark-colored residue of dissolving crude p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickelii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickelii Chloride - Production And Syntheses
The largest scale process to a nickel chloride probably involves the extraction with hydrochloric acid of nickel matte and residues, obta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Chemical Characteristics
In water the following reversible reaction occurs between an acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base: The acidity constant (or acid ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Chemical Characteristics
In water the following reversible reaction occurs between an acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base: HA + H2O ⇌ H3O + + A − The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fischer Indole Synthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Fischer Indole Synthesis - Reaction Mechanism
On reaction of a (substituted) phenylhydrazine with an aldehyde or ketone a phenylhydrazone forms and isomerizes into the respective enam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetone Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetone Peroxide - Accidental Byproduct
Acetone peroxide can also occur accidentally, when suitable chemicals are mixed together. For example, when methyl ethyl ketone is mixed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Dissociation Constant - The Relative Strengths Of Acids And Bases
The strengths of acids and bases in aqueous solutions are determined by the values of the dissociation constants Ka and Kb for acids and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Acid Number
The Acid number is used to quantify the amount of acid present, for example in a sample of biodiesel. It is the quantity of base, express...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Hydroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Hydroxide - Chemical Properties
Sodium hydroxide is completely ionic, containing sodium ions and hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong base w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fluorosulfuric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Fluorosulfuric Acid - Production
Fluorosulfuric acid is prepared by the reaction: SO3 + HF = FSO3H, or by treating KHF2 or CaF2 with oleum at ~250 degrees celcius. When f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mole Unit: Encyclopedia Ii - Mole Unit - History
The name mole is attributed to Wilhelm Ostwald who introduced the concept in the year 1902. He used it to express the gram molecular weig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Neutralization
Neutralization is a type of reaction between an acid and a base. The products include a salt and water. So, it is also called a water for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ironii Sulfide: Encyclopedia Ii - Ironii Sulfide - Uses
Iron(II) sulfide itself doesn't have many real uses, but it is useful for demonstrating a certain number of chemical changes, especially ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid - Different Definitions Of Acid/base
The word acid comes from the Latin acidus meaning sour but in chemistry the term acid has a more specific meaning. There are three common...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Diet Planning: Ayurveda Ayurvedic Dictionary On Diet Planning
Diet Planning Since diet, along with daily habits, is crucial to the health of an individual, it must be made clear at the outset that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethyl Acetate: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethyl Acetate - Chemistry
Ethyl acetate is an ester that is synthesized from acetic acid and ethanol in the presence of strong acids like sulfuric acid in an ester...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acyl Halide: Encyclopedia Ii - Acyl Halide - Chemical Reactions
Acyl halides are artificial, rather reactive compounds often synthesized to be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic co...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Agni: Ayurveda Ayurvedic Dictionary On Agni
Agni Being the biological fire that governs metabolism, agni encompasses all the changes in the body and mind from the dense to the mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nucleic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Nucleic Acid - Chemical Structure
"Nucleic acid" (so called because of its prevalence in cellular nuclei) is the generic name of a family of biopolymers. The monomers them...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Dissociation Constant - Basicity Constant Of The Conjugate Base
By analogy, one can define the basicity constant (Kb) and the pKb of the conjugate base A–: pKb = −log10Kb T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitric Acid - Chemistry
Nitric acid is a strong acid with a pKa of -2: in aqueous solution, it completely dissociates into the nitrate ion NO3− and a hydrated ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resorcinol: Encyclopedia Ii - Resorcinol - Properties
Resorcinol crystallizes from benzene as colorless needles which are readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether, but insoluble in chlorof...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromiumiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromiumiii Chloride - Uses
Chromium(III) chloride is used as the source of chromium for many inorganic compounds of chromium, for example dibenzenechromium(0), an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Potassium Permanganate: Encyclopedia Ii - Potassium Permanganate - Cautions
Solid KMnO4 is a very strong oxidizer, which when mixed with pure glycerine, will cause a highly exothermic chemical reaction to take pla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salt: Encyclopedia Ii - Salt - Nomenclature
The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or aceta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salt: Encyclopedia Ii - Salt - Nomenclature
The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or aceta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acid Dissociation Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Acid Dissociation Constant - Relationship Between Acidity And Basicity Constants
There exists a relationship between the value of Ka for an acid HA and the value of Kb for its conjugate base A–. Since adding the ioni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromiumiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromiumiii Chloride - Preparation
Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride may be prepared from chromium metal and chlorine directly, or indirectly using chromium(III) oxide with ...   » Read the article