hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In aqueous hydrochloric acid, the H+ joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+: HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl- The other ion formed is Cl- or chloride ion. Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides, such as sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid is considered a strong acid, sinc ...

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Alkaloid - Alkaloid classifications

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - CopperII oxide

Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. It is a black solid which melts above 1200 °C with some loss of oxygen. It can be formed by heating copper in air, but in this case it is formed along with copper(I) oxide; thus, it is better prepared by heating copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate: CuCO3 → CuO + CO2 Copper(II) oxide is a basic oxide, so it dissolves in mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid to give the corresponding copper(II) salts: CuO + 2 HNO3

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Acid indigestion

Acid indigestion is a type of indigestion involving an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Frequent occurrence of acid indigestion can lead to aggravation of the duodenum or to an aggravation of the lining of the stomach, both of which can lead to ulcers which can be life-threatening. It should be distinguished from heartburn, which typically involves aggravation of the esophagus. Common contributors to acid indigestion are: Eating foods with too much fat in them. Eating foods with too much spice i ...

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Base metal

A base metal is a common or at least inexpensive metal. Frequently, the term is used to refer to those that oxidize or corrode relatively easily, and react variably with dilute hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. Alchemists were concerned with the transmutation of b ...

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Chyme

Chyme is the liquid substance found in the stomach before passing the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric valve and into the duodenum where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme anywhere between 40 minutes and a few hours. Other related archivesdigestive, duode

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Acritarch

Acritarchs are small organic structures found as fossils. In general, any small, non-acid soluble (i.e. non carbonate, non-silicate) organic structure that can not otherwise be accounted for is an acritarch. Most acritarchs are surely remains of single celled lifeforms. They are found in sedimentary rocks from the present back into the Precambrian. They are easily isolated from limestones with hydrochloric acid, and can also be isolated from silica rich rocks using hydrofluoric acid. They are excellent candidates for index fossils to ...

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - CopperI oxide

Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colourless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which easily oxidises in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to form HCuCl2 (a complex of CuCl), while dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce co ...

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CopperI oxide - Applications as semiconductor

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Aqua regia

Aqua regia (Latin for "royal water") is a highly corrosive, fuming yellow liquid, formed by a fresh mixture of concentrated nitric acid (otherwise known as aqua fortis) and concentrated hydrochloric acid, usually in the ratio of one to three. It is one of the few reagents able to dissolve gold and platinum. It was so named because it can dissolve the so-called royal, or noble metals, although tantalum, iridium, and a few other extremely passive metals are able to withstand it. Aqua regia is used in etching and in certain analytic procedures. Aqua regia does not last very long; ...

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Stibnite

Stibnite, sometimes also called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, has hardness 2 and a grey colour. Its chemical composition is described by the formula Sb2S3 Stibnite is the most important source for the rare metal antimony. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid, and is tarnished by potassium hydroxide solution. Small deposits of Stibnite are common, large ones are rare. It occurs in Canada, Mexico, Peru, Japan, China, Germany, Romania, Italy, France, England, Algeria, and Kalimantan, Borneo. In the United States it is found in A ...

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Cranberry glass

Cranberry glass (or Gold Ruby glass as it is known in Europe) is a red glass made by adding gold chloride to the molten glass. Tin, in the form of stannic chloride, is sometimes added in tiny amounts as a reducing agent. The glass is used primarily in expensive decorations. Cranberry glass is made in craft production rather than in large quantities, due to the high cost of the gold and the delicate mixing process required. The gold chloride is made by dissolving gold in a solution of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, pr ...

hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a disorder where increased levels of the hormone gastrin are produced, causing the stomach to produce excess hydrochloric acid. Often, the cause is a tumour of the pancreas producing the hormone gastrin. As these tumors are benign, they are only removed if the disease cannot be controlled with medication. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Causes. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by tumors usually found in the head of the pancreas and the upper small bowel. These tumors produce t ...

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Chloride

The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl− ions. The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atom ...

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Chloride - Examples

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Vanadium

Vanadium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol V and atomic number 23. A rare, soft and ductile element, vanadium is found combined in certain minerals and is used mainly to produce certain alloys. Vanadium - Notable characteristics. Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, ...

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Acid

Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases For the cyber novellete by Nadeem Parachee, see Acidity (Novelette). An acid (from Arabic Azait meaning oil, often represented by the generic formula AH) ...

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Acid - Chemical characteristics

Acid - Number of acid dissociations

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia - Acyl chloride

In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a carboxylic acid. In its molecule, an acyl chloride has the reactive functional group -CO-Cl. An acyl chloride has the general formula RCOCl where R is an organic radical group. See the general chemical structure of an acyl chloride at right. Acyl chlorides are a subset of acyl halides and undergo many of the chemical reactions mentioned under Acyl halide. A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride (IUPAC name: ethanoyl chloride) CH3COCl. See t ...

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hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In aqueous hydrochloric acid, the H+ joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+: HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl- The other ion formed is Cl- or chloride ion. Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides, such as sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid is considered a strong acid, sinc ...

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