Cobalt(II) chloride may be prepared in its anhydrous form from cobalt metal and chlorine gas: Co(s) + Cl2(g) → CoCl2(s) The hydrated form can be prepared from cobalt(II) hydroxide or cobalt(II) carbonate with hydrochloric acid. ...

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CobaltII chloride, CobaltII chloride - Chemical properties, CobaltII chloride - Preparation, CobaltII chloride - Uses, CobaltII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Because methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, ten times as effective as carbon dioxide, the sudden release of large amounts of natural gas from methane clathrate deposits has been hypothesized as a cause of past and possibly future climate changes. Events possibly linked in this way are the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. The book Mother of Storms by John Barnes offers a fictional example of catastrophic ...

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Methane clathrate, Methane clathrate - Natural deposits, Methane clathrate - Oceanic, Methane clathrate - Continental, Methane clathrate - Commercial Use, Methane clathrate - Climate change

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Anhydrous magnsium sulfate is commonly used as a drying agent in organic synthesis due to its ability to become hydrated. During workup an organic phase is saturated with the compound until it no longer forms clumps. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration. A number of other inorganic sulfate salts, sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate for example, may also be used in the same way. ...

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Magnesium sulfate, Magnesium sulfate - Origin, Magnesium sulfate - Agricultural use, Magnesium sulfate - Medical use, Magnesium sulfate - Use in Organic Chemistry, Magnesium sulfate - Other uses, Magnesium sulfate - Reference

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Anhydrous magnsium sulfate is commonly used as a drying agent in organic synthesis due to its ability to become hydrated. During workup an organic phase is saturated with the compound until it no longer forms clumps. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration. A number of other inorganic sulfate salts, sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate for example, may also be used in the same way. ...

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Magnesium sulfate, Magnesium sulfate - Origin, Magnesium sulfate - Agricultural use, Magnesium sulfate - Medical use, Magnesium sulfate - Use in organic chemistry, Magnesium sulfate - Other uses, Magnesium sulfate - Reference

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Researchers have yet to fully characterize the solvation of hydronium ion in water, in part because many different meanings of solvation exist. A freezing point depression study determined that the mean hydration ion in cold water is approximately H3O+(H2O)6 (1): on average, each hydronium ion is solvated by 6 water molecules which are unable to solvate other solute molecules. Some hydration structures are quite large: the H3O+(H2O)20 magic ion num ...

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Hydronium, Hydronium - Nomenclature, Hydronium - Acids and Acidity, Hydronium - Solvation, Hydronium - Solid hydronium salts

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Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride may be prepared from chromium metal and chlorine directly, or indirectly using chromium(III) oxide with carbon and chlorine at 800 °C[4]: Cr2O3(s) + 3 C(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 CrCl3(s) + 3 CO(g) It may also be prepared from the hexahydrate, by heating with thionyl chloride which reacts with the water of hydration. The hydrated chloride may b ...

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ChromiumIII chloride, ChromiumIII chloride - Chemical properties, ChromiumIII chloride - Preparation, ChromiumIII chloride - Uses, ChromiumIII chloride - Precautions, ChromiumIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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In physiology, the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate. All higher lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the intracellular and extracellular milieu. In particular, the maintenance of precise osmotic gradients of electrolytes is important. Such gradients affect and regulate the hydration of the body, blood pH, and a ...

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Electrolyte, Electrolyte - Physiology, Electrolyte - Nutrition, Electrolyte - Uses in electrochemistry

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In early March of 2000, the Schindlers filed a motion to permit oral feeding of Schiavo, which is not considered a life-prolonging procedure under Florida law. Since clinical records indicated that Schiavo was not responsive to swallowing tests and required a feeding tube,[18] Judge Greer ruled that Schiavo was not capable of orally ingesting sufficient nutrition and hydration to sustain life, and denied the request.^{See also:}

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references

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In March of 2000, the Schindlers filed a motion to permit oral feeding of Schiavo, which is not considered a life-prolonging procedure under Florida law. Since clinical records indicated that Schiavo was not responsive to swallowing tests and required a feeding tube,[18] Judge Greer ruled that Schiavo was not capable of orally ingesting sufficient nutrition and hydration to sustain life, and denied the request.^{See also:}

Terri Schiavo, Terri Schiavo - Early life, Terri Schiavo - Initial medical crisis, Terri Schiavo - Rehabilitation efforts and the malpractice suit, Terri Schiavo - Do-not-resuscitate order, Terri Schiavo - Petition to remove feeding tube, Terri Schiavo - Schiavo's end-of-life wishes – Schiavo I, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge, Terri Schiavo - Three appeals – Schiavo II, Terri Schiavo - Challenging the PVS diagnosis – Schiavo III, Terri Schiavo - PVS diagnosis ruling – Schiavo IV, Terri Schiavo - 2003 petition, Terri Schiavo - Terri's Law and the Wolfson Report, Terri Schiavo - Oral feeding II, Terri Schiavo - Government involvement, Terri Schiavo - Palm Sunday Compromise, Terri Schiavo - Last Rites, Terri Schiavo - Autopsy, Terri Schiavo - Memorial, Terri Schiavo - Disputed opinions, Terri Schiavo - Public opinion and activism, Terri Schiavo - Notes and references, Terri Schiavo - Books

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XML Data Binding - Java. Hydrate, open source, relational/object/XML mapping tool Castor [1], open source, object/XML/relational mapping tool XML Data Binding - JavaScript. OpenLaszlo [2], open source, JavaScript based, rich internet application programming language XML Data Binding - .Net. Integrated into the language via the .Net attributes: System.Xml.Serialization.XmlRootAttribute and See also:

XML Data Binding, XML Data Binding - O/RM frameworks and tools, XML Data Binding - Java, XML Data Binding - JavaScript, XML Data Binding - .Net, XML Data Binding - C++, XML Data Binding - External link

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Main article: Shotcrete Shotcrete uses compressed air to shoot (cast) concrete to a frame or structure. Shotcrete is mostly used for rock support, especially in tunnelling. Today there are two application methods for shotcrete: the dry-mix and the wet-mix procedure. In Dry-mix the dry mixture of cement and aggregates is filled into the machine and conveyed with compressed air through the hoses. The water needed for the hydration is added at the nozzle. In Wet-mix the mixes are prepared with all necessary water for hydration. Th ...

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Concrete, Concrete - History, Concrete - Characteristics, Concrete - Cracking, Concrete - Additives, Concrete - Workability, Concrete - Self compacting concretes, Concrete - Shotcrete / sprayed concrete, Concrete - External link

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Oxides of more electropositive elements tend to be basic. They are called basic anhydrides; adding water, they may form basic hydroxides. For example, sodium oxide is basic; when hydrated, it forms sodium hydroxide. Oxides of more electronegative elements tend to be acids. They are called acid anhydrides; adding water, they may form oxygen acids. For example, dichlorine heptoxide is acid; perchloric acid is a more hydrated form. Some oxides can act as both acid and base, at different times. They are amphoteric. An example is aluminium oxide. Some oxides do ...

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Oxide, Oxide - Current naming, Oxide - Chemical properties, Oxide - Types of oxides, Oxide - Common oxides sorted by oxidation state

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A popular use for cobalt(II) chloride is for the detection of moisture. For example, in the US calcium_sulfate is sold as a drying agent under the trade name Drierite. When cobalt(II) chloride is added as an indicator, the drying agent is blue when still active, pink when exhausted, corresponding to the anhydrous and hydrated forms of CoCl2, respectively. Cobalt chloride paper is like ...

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CobaltII chloride, CobaltII chloride - Chemical properties, CobaltII chloride - Preparation, CobaltII chloride - Uses, CobaltII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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An alkali metal, caesium occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (hydrated silicate of aluminium and caesium) and within other sources. One of the world's most significant and rich sources of this metal is located at Bernic Lake in Manitoba. The deposits there are estimated to contain 300,000 metric tons of pollucite at an average of 20% caesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of fused cyanide and in a number of other ways. Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be made by the thermal decomposition of caesium azide. The primary compounds of caesium are its chloride and its nitrate. The price of caes ...

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Caesium, Caesium - Notable characteristics, Caesium - Applications, Caesium - History, Caesium - Occurrence, Caesium - Isotopes, Caesium - Precautions

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Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer. It is extremely toxic if inhaled, and dangerous for the environment. Vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), also called vanadium(IV) sulfate oxide hydrate, is used as a relatively controversial dietary supplement, primarily for increasing insulin levels and body-building. Whether it works for the latter purpose has not been proven, and there is some evidence that athletes who take it are merely experiencing a plac ...

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Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions

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As with any emergency, the first step is to call the local emergency telephone number. Heat stroke is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization. The body temperature must be lowered immediately, and the victim must be hydrated by drinking water or by administration of intravenous fluids. Other substances may be used in place of water if absolutely necessary; however, alcohol and caffeine should be avoi ...

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Hyperthermia, Hyperthermia - Signs and symptoms, Hyperthermia - First aid, Hyperthermia - Prevention, Hyperthermia - Clinical applications

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Treatment consists of hydration to lower the osmolality of the blood, replacement of lost electrolytes, insulin to force glucose and potassium into the cells, and eventually glucose simultaneously with insulin in order to correct other metabolic abnormalities, such as elevated blood potassium (hyperkalemia) and elevated ketone levels. Most patients require admission to step-down unit or intensive care unit (ICU) so that vital signs, urine output, and blood tests can be monitored on an hourly basis. In patients with severe alteration of menta ...

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Diabetic ketoacidosis, Diabetic ketoacidosis - Mechanism, Diabetic ketoacidosis - Treatment, Diabetic ketoacidosis - External link

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Various conspiracy theories exist that offer alternative explanations as to what actually happened at Jonestown. One popular one suggests that Jones himself was a CIA agent and that Jonestown was a mind control experiment gone wrong. Drugs found at the premises, such as Quaaludes, Valium, morphine, Demerol, and chloral hydrate, have been offered as evidence for this theory, as well as the late revelation that many of the supposed suicide victims were ...

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Jonestown, Jonestown - The beginning of Jonestown, Jonestown - Life in Jonestown, Jonestown - Shootout, Jonestown - Mass suicide, Jonestown - Conspiracy theories, Jonestown - Popular culture, Jonestown - Bibliography

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Nitric acid is a strong acid with a pKa of -2: in aqueous solution, it completely dissociates into the nitrate ion NO3− and a hydrated proton, known as a hydronium ion, H3O+. The salts of nitric acid (which contain the nitrate ion) are also known as nitrates. The overwhelming majority of them are very soluble in water. At room temperature nitric acid gives off red or yellow fumes. Nitric acid and its salts, the nitrates, should not be confused with ...

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Nitric acid, Nitric acid - History, Nitric acid - Chemistry, Nitric acid - Synthesis and Production, Nitric acid - Uses

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Various conspiracy theories exist that offer alternative explanations as to what actually happened at Jonestown. One popular theory suggests that Jones himself was a CIA agent and that Jonestown was a mind control experiment gone wrong. Drugs found at the premises, such as Quaaludes, Valium, morphine, Demerol, and chloral hydrate, have been offered as evidence for this theory, as well as the late revelation that many of the supposed suicide victims were ...

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Jonestown, Jonestown - The beginning of Jonestown, Jonestown - Life in Jonestown, Jonestown - Shootout, Jonestown - Mass suicide, Jonestown - Conspiracy theories, Jonestown - Popular culture, Jonestown - Bibliography

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Gold(III) chloride is one of the most common gold compounds and it is therefore used as the starting point for the synthesis of many other gold compounds, for example the water-soluble cyanide complex KAu(CN)4: AuCl3 + 4 KCN → KAu(CN)4 + 3 KCl Gold(III) salts, especially NaAuCl4 (made from AuCl3 + NaCl), provide a non-toxic alternative to mercury(II) salts as catalysts for alkyne reactions. One important reaction of this sort is the hydration of terminal alkynes to produce methyl ke ...

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GoldIII chloride, GoldIII chloride - Structure, GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties, GoldIII chloride - Preparation, GoldIII chloride - Uses, GoldIII chloride - Precautions, GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain physical and chemical properties, among others, mechanical strength, low permeability to ingress of moisture, and chemical and volume stability. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength (about 10% of the compressive strength). As a result, concrete always fails from tensile stresses - even when loaded in compression. The practical implication of these facts is that concrete elements that are subjected to tensile stresses must ...

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Concrete, Concrete - History, Concrete - Characteristics, Concrete - Cracking, Concrete - Additives, Concrete - Workability, Concrete - Self compacting concretes, Concrete - Shotcrete / sprayed concrete, Concrete - External link

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