Main article: effects of alcohol on the body In the human body, ethanol is first oxidized to acetaldehyde, and then to acetic acid. The first step is catalysed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, and the second by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Some individuals have less effective forms of one or both of these enzymes, and can experience more severe symptoms from ethanol consumption than others. Conversely, those who have acquired ethanol tolerance have a greater quantity o ...

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Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

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Bermuda Triangle - Flight 19. Main article: Flight 19 One of the best known Bermuda Triangle incidents concerns the loss of Flight 19, a squadron of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger torpedo bombers on a training flight out of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on December 5, 1945. According to Berlitz, the flight consisted of expert Marine Corps aviators who, after reporting a number of odd visual effects, simply disappeared, an account which isn't entirely true. Furthermore, Berlitz claims that becau ...

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Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - History of the Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - First citations, Bermuda Triangle - Popularized by Berlitz, Bermuda Triangle - Scientific explanations, Bermuda Triangle - Skeptical responses, Bermuda Triangle - Kusche's research, Bermuda Triangle - Methane hydrates, Bermuda Triangle - Freak waves, Bermuda Triangle - Famous incidents, Bermuda Triangle - Flight 19, Bermuda Triangle - Depictions on Television, Bermuda Triangle - Cultural references

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Barry Manilow sang a UK no. 15 hit in 1981 entitled Bermuda Triangle. It tells the story of a fictional holiday to the area where the singer's girlfriend elopes with a local, but he finds a more than adequate replacement, leading to the uplifting final refrain: DC Comics’ Paradise Island city-state, controlled by Amazons and the home of Wonder Woman, is located there. The Marvel Comics series Skul the Slayer was set in a world inhabited by people who had been swallowed by the Triangle, which was actually a trap created by aliens. Milton Bradley released a boa ...

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Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - History of the Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - First citations, Bermuda Triangle - Popularized by Berlitz, Bermuda Triangle - Scientific explanations, Bermuda Triangle - Skeptical responses, Bermuda Triangle - Kusche's research, Bermuda Triangle - Methane hydrates, Bermuda Triangle - Freak waves, Bermuda Triangle - Famous incidents, Bermuda Triangle - Flight 19, Bermuda Triangle - Depictions on Television, Bermuda Triangle - Cultural references

Read more here: » Bermuda Triangle: Encyclopedia II - Bermuda Triangle - Cultural references

Bermuda Triangle - First citations. The first mention of any disappearances in the area was made in 1950 by E.V.W. Jones as a sidebar on the Associated Press wire service regarding recent ship losses in the area. Jones' article notes the "mysterious disappearances" of ships, airplanes and small boats in the region and ascribes it the name "The Devil's Sea". It was mentioned again in 1952 in a Fate magazine article by George X. Sand, who outlined several "strange marine disappearances". The term "Bermuda Triangle ...

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Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - History of the Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - First citations, Bermuda Triangle - Popularized by Berlitz, Bermuda Triangle - Scientific explanations, Bermuda Triangle - Skeptical responses, Bermuda Triangle - Kusche's research, Bermuda Triangle - Methane hydrates, Bermuda Triangle - Freak waves, Bermuda Triangle - Famous incidents, Bermuda Triangle - Flight 19, Bermuda Triangle - Depictions on Television, Bermuda Triangle - Cultural references

Read more here: » Bermuda Triangle: Encyclopedia II - Bermuda Triangle - History of the Bermuda Triangle

Bermuda Triangle - Skeptical responses. Critics have charged that Berlitz and others have exaggerated the "mysterious" aspects of some cases (Berlitz himself did not advocate any paranormal explanation), and argue that the Bermuda Triangle sees no more "disappearances" than any comparable area of the oceans. Of note, Lloyd's of London has determined the "triangle" to be no more dangerous than any other piece of the ocean, and does not charge unusual rates of insurance for ...

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Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - History of the Bermuda Triangle, Bermuda Triangle - First citations, Bermuda Triangle - Popularized by Berlitz, Bermuda Triangle - Scientific explanations, Bermuda Triangle - Skeptical responses, Bermuda Triangle - Kusche's research, Bermuda Triangle - Methane hydrates, Bermuda Triangle - Freak waves, Bermuda Triangle - Famous incidents, Bermuda Triangle - Flight 19, Bermuda Triangle - Depictions on Television, Bermuda Triangle - Cultural references

Read more here: » Bermuda Triangle: Encyclopedia II - Bermuda Triangle - Scientific explanations

Ethanol has been used by humans since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic beverages. Dried residues on 9000-year-old pottery found in northern China imply the use of alcoholic beverages even among Neolithic peoples. Its isolation as a relatively pure compound was first achieved by Islamic alchemists who developed the art of distillation during the Abbasid caliphate. The writings of Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) (721-815) mention the flammable vapors of boiled wine. Al-Kindī (801-873) unambiguously described the distillation of ...

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Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

Read more here: » Ethanol: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol - History

An ionic compound is named by its cation followed by its anion. See polyatomic ions for a list of possible ions. For cations that take on multiple charges, the charge is written using Roman numerals in parentheses immediately following the element name) For example, Cu(NO3)2 is copper(II) nitrate, because the charge of two nitrate ions is 2 x -1 = -2, and since the net charge of the ionic compou ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming simple ionic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - List of common ion names, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming hydrates, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming molecular compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming acids, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Compositional nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Substitutive nomenclature

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An ionic compound is named by its cation followed by its anion. See polyatomic ions for a list of possible ions. For cations that take on multiple charges, the charge is written using Roman numerals in parentheses immediately following the element name) For example, Cu(NO3)2 is copper(II) nitrate, because the charge of two nitrate ions is 2 × −1 = −2, and since the net charge of the ionic compou ...

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IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming simple ionic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - List of common ion names, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming hydrates, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming molecular compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Naming acids, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Compositional nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry - Substitutive nomenclature

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This is a list of specific claims for Penta found on websites maintained and owned by Penta/Bio Hydration Research Labs/Aquaphotonics. Important note: this page does not take any position on the accuracy of the claims listed here, but simply reports them. Please also note that many of these claims are concerned with serious medical conditions and any course of treatment should first be discussed with a qualified doctor. This is particularly important given the controversial nature of many of Penta's claims. Penta W ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta

In March 2005 the British Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ruled [39] on the accuracy of a Penta Water leaflet. The complaint was upheld. Among their findings the ASA wrote that "The Authority took expert advice and understood that the scientific evidence submitted did not prove that Penta had health benefits over and above those of ordinary water or had been restructured to form stable smaller clusters. It also understood that hydrogen-bonds in ordinary water were a weak type of chemical bonding that allowed the formation ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations

Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water. It is often mentioned that Penta has a higher boiling point than liquid water. This claim appears to be based on a research report paid for by Penta on Measurements of the Boiling Temperature of Penta ® Water. In the study, which was not double blinded the researchers found a 0.043 °C increase in the boiling temperature of the Penta Water samples (relative to deionized water) and wrote "The two waters are thus not identical in their boiling poi ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta

Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy. This subsection concerns the (published and peer-reviewed) paper. Study of Cluster Molecular Structures in Various Types of Liquid Waters Using Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy, A. F. Bunkin, A. A. Nyrmatov and S. M. Pershin, Physics of Vibrations, Volume 10 Number 2, 2002 In this paper the authors examine a peak in the Raman spectrum at a wavelength around 65 ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta

Penta Water has received much positive publicity in the press and has received positive reviews from health-oriented websites (e.g. [53]). There are also numerous testimonials from the public and endorsements from celebrities (e.g. Sting and Farrah Fawcett ) who have stated [54] that they have enjoyed or benefitted from drinking Penta Water (though there is no independent verification of these endorsements). The official Penta site also carries many testimonials from successful ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

The Penta Water website claims [20] that a paper has appeared in a peer-reviewed journal validating one of their claims that Penta Water contains smaller clusters (30% smaller) than 'normal' bulk liquid water: Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid water by using spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy, A.F.Bunkin, A.A.Nyrmatov, and S.M.Pershin, Physics of Vibrations, Volume 10 Number 2, 2002. Physics of Vibrations changed its name to Physics of Wave phenomena in 2003 and is a Russian physics journal published by Alle ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Reliability of claims

It is important to note that the study of water clusters is real science. There is much spectroscopic evidence to show beyond the doubt of most physical chemists that water clusters exist under appropriate (gas-phase) conditions (see for example [25], [26]). Furthermore, there are many scientific papers published in major peer-reviewed journals, hypothesizing that bulk-liquid water can be thought of as conglomerates of macroscopic numbers of 'flickering' water clusters. However, there is not evidence yet of 'rest ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science

In response to critical articles written by the British Guardian journalist, Ben Goldacre, in his Bad Science column, a Penta employee sent Goldacre the text message: "Goldmember I do hope you are a better physician than you are a journalist when we publish you will of course be informed out of the decency/courtesy you didn't show to us! Sleep well tonight and think about how and why you tried to fuck us over and practice keeping one eye open." [35] An apology, on behalf of Penta, from publicist Max Clifford followed. Go ...

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Penta Water, Penta Water - List of claims made by Penta, Penta Water - Reliability of claims, Penta Water - Penta Water and mainstream science, Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism, Penta Water - Penta water no longer sold in the United Kingdom due to breaking of regulations, Penta Water - Criticisms of specific claims made by Penta, Penta Water - The boiling point of Penta Water, Penta Water - Structural properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Hydration properties of Penta Water, Penta Water - Published peer-reviewed papers quoted by Penta, Penta Water - Study of cluster molecular structures in various types of liquid waters using spontaneous raman spectroscopy, Penta Water - Atomic Force Microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in Penta Water, Penta Water - Organizations associated with Penta, Penta Water - Positive reviews of Penta Water

Read more here: » Penta Water: Encyclopedia II - Penta Water - Response of Penta to criticism

During the weeks leading up to Easter of 2005, the case of Terri Schiavo generated much interest in living wills. Prior to the Schiavo case becoming highly visible, it was estimated that only 20 percent of Americans had a living will. Some feel that this will give Americans the motivation needed to make their end-of-life wishes known. A number of entities have reported an upswing in requests for forms or other information on living wills. The non-profit organization Aging with Dignity has said that they have received thousands of call ...

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Living will, Living will - The Terri Schiavo case

Read more here: » Living will: Encyclopedia II - Living will - The Terri Schiavo case

Weathering - Carbonation-solution. Carbonation occurs on rocks which contain calcium carbonate such as limestone and chalk. This takes place when rain combines with carbon dioxide or an organic acid to form a weak carbonic acid which reacts with calcium carbonate and forms calcium bicarbonate. The reactions as follows: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 carbon dioxide + water ⇌ carbonic acid H2See also:

Weathering, Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering, Weathering - Exfoliation, Weathering - Freeze-thaw, Weathering - Pressure release, Weathering - Salt-crystal growth, Weathering - Organic Activity, Weathering - Abrasion, Weathering - Chemical Weathering, Weathering - Carbonation-solution, Weathering - Hydration, Weathering - Hydrolysis, Weathering - Oxidation, Weathering - Acids rain and plants

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As a painting pigment it exists in at least four forms: yellow ochre, Fe2O3 • H2O, a hydrated Iron oxide red ochre, Fe2O3, chemically identical to yellow ochre, but reddened through heating purple ochre, identical to red ochre chemically but of a diffrent hue caused by different light diffraction properties associated with a greater average particle size brown ochre (Goethite), also partly ...

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Ochre, Ochre - Pigment

Read more here: » Ochre: Encyclopedia II - Ochre - Pigment

Most liquid and solid material is released during eruptions, but various seeps occur during dormant periods. First order estimates of mud volcano emissions have been recently made. How much of the powerful greenhouse gas methane reaches the atmosphere from submarine volcanoes is not known. 2002: L.I. Dimitrov estimated that 10.2–12.6 Tg/yr of methane is released from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes. 2002: Etiope and Klusman in 2002 estimated at least 1–2 and as much as 10–20 Tg/yr of m ...

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Mud volcano, Mud volcano - Features, Mud volcano - Emissions, Mud volcano - Locations, Mud volcano - Europe and Asia, Mud volcano - North and South America, Mud volcano - Other parts of the world

Read more here: » Mud volcano: Encyclopedia II - Mud volcano - Emissions

Mud volcano - Europe and Asia. Mud volcanoes are generally few in Europe, but dozens can be found on the Kerch Peninsula of southeastern Ukraine. In Italy they are common in the northern front of the Appenines and in Sicily. Many mud volcanoes exist on the shores of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Tectonic forces and large sedimentary deposits around the latter have created several fields of mud volcanoes, many of them emitting methane and other hydrocarbons. Features over 200 meters high exist in Azerbaija ...

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Mud volcano, Mud volcano - Features, Mud volcano - Emissions, Mud volcano - Locations, Mud volcano - Europe and Asia, Mud volcano - North and South America, Mud volcano - Other parts of the world

Read more here: » Mud volcano: Encyclopedia II - Mud volcano - Locations

Methane clathrates are restricted to the shallow lithosphere (i.e. <2000m depth). Furthermore, necessary conditions are found only either in polar continental sedimentary rocks where surface temperatures are less than 0°C; or in oceanic sediment at water depths greater than 300m where the bottom water temperature is around 2°C. Continental deposits have been located in Siberia and Alaska in sandstone and siltstone beds at less than 800m depth. Oceanic deposits seem to be widespread in the continental shelf (see Fig.) and can occur within the sediments at depth or close to the sediment-water interface. They may cap even ...

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Methane clathrate, Methane clathrate - Natural deposits, Methane clathrate - Oceanic, Methane clathrate - Continental, Methane clathrate - Commercial Use, Methane clathrate - Climate change

Read more here: » Methane clathrate: Encyclopedia II - Methane clathrate - Natural deposits