Hurd

Computer security is a field of computer science concerned with the control of risks related to computer use. The means traditionally taken to realize this objective is to attempt to create a secure computing platform, designed so that agents (users or programs) can only perform actions that have been allowed. This involves specifying and implementing a security policy. The actions in question can be reduced to operations of access, modification and deletion. Computer security can be seen as a subfield of security engine ...

Including:

• Computer security - Computer security by design
• Computer security - Early history of security by design
• Computer security - Techniques for creating secure systems
• Computer security - Capabilities vs. ACLs
• Computer security - Other uses of the term trusted
• Computer security - Notable persons in computer security

Read more here: » Computer security: Encyclopedia - Computer security

LiveCD - Apple Macintosh OS-based. System Folder of Mac OS on a CD or on a floppy disk BootCD from Charlessoft for Mac OS X LiveCD - BSD-based. DragonFly BSD [1] FreeSBIE (Based on FreeBSD) Frenzy mini-CD (Based on FreeBSD) NetBSD - official livecd image. Direct link and quick reference documentation. LiveCD - Linux-based. Knoppix - The "original" Debian-based LiveCD

Once viewed as an operating system only computer professionals and aficionados could use, Linux distributions have become user-friendly, with many graphical interfaces and applications. Its market share of desktops is rapidly growing. According to market research company IDC, in 2002, only 25% of servers and 2.8% of desktop computers were already running Linux. However, argued advantages of Linux, such as lower cost, fewer security vulnerabilities [8] , and lack of vendor lock-in, have spurred a growing number of high-profile cases of ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - Usability and market share

The GNU project was announced publicly on September 27, 1983, on the news://net.unix-wizards [1] and news://net.usoft newsgroups. Software development began on January 5, 1984, when Stallman quit his job at Massachusetts Institute of Technology so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU as free software. The correct pronunciation of GNU is g'noo (IPA: /gnu/), with a hard "g", to distinguish it from the word new. According to Stallman, the name was inspired by various plays on wor ...

See also:

GNU, GNU - History, GNU - Licensing, GNU - Design and implementation, GNU - GNU software, GNU - Distributions of GNU, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Linux kernel, GNU - Distributions of GNU using kernels of *BSD, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Solaris kernel

Read more here: » GNU: Encyclopedia II - GNU - History

Once viewed as an operating system only computer professionals and aficionados could use, Linux distributions have become user-friendly, with many graphical interfaces and applications. Its market share of desktops is rapidly growing. According to market research company IDC, in 2002, only 25% of servers and 2.8% of desktop computers were already running Linux. However, argued advantages of Linux, such as lower cost, fewer security vulnerabilities [8] , and lack of vendor lock-in, have spurred a growing number of high-profile cases of ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Portability of Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - Usability and market share

LiveCD - Apple Macintosh OS-based. System Folder of Mac OS on a CD or on a floppy disk BootCD from Charlessoft for Mac OS X Clone X from Tri-Edre for Mac OS X - Commercial Product LiveCD - BSD-based. DragonFly BSD [1] FreeSBIE (Based on FreeBSD) NeWBIE (Based on NetBSD) Frenzy mini-CD (Based on FreeBSD) NetBSD - official livecd image. Direct link and quick reference docume ...

See also:

LiveCD, LiveCD - Common traits, LiveCD - Mini-LiveCDs, LiveCD - Emulation, LiveCD - List of LiveCDs, LiveCD - Apple Macintosh OS-based, LiveCD - BSD-based, LiveCD - Linux-based, LiveCD - Microsoft Windows-based, LiveCD - OpenSolaris-based, LiveCD - Others, LiveCD - Rescue and Repair Live CDs

Read more here: » LiveCD: Encyclopedia II - LiveCD - List of LiveCDs

The following techniques can be used in engineering secure systems. These techniques, whilst useful, do not of themselves ensure security. One security maxim is "a security system is no stronger than its weakest link" Automated theorem proving and other verification tools can enable critical algorithms and code used in secure systems to be mathematically proven to meet their specifications. Thus simple microkernels can be written so that we can be sure they don't contain any bugs: eg EROS[1] and Coyotos[2]. A b ...

See also:

Computer security, Computer security - Computer security by design, Computer security - Early history of security by design, Computer security - Techniques for creating secure systems, Computer security - Capabilities vs. ACLs, Computer security - Other uses of the term trusted, Computer security - Notable persons in computer security

Read more here: » Computer security: Encyclopedia II - Computer security - Techniques for creating secure systems

Live CD - Apple Macintosh OS-based. System Folder of Mac OS on a CD or on a floppy disk BootCD from Charlessoft for Mac OS X Clone X from Tri-Edre for Mac OS X - Commercial Product Live CD - BSD-based. DragonFly BSD [1] FreeSBIE (Based on FreeBSD) NeWBIE (Based on NetBSD) Frenzy mini-CD (Based on FreeBSD) NetBSD - official livecd image. Direct link and quick reference docum ...

See also:

Live CD, Live CD - Common traits, Live CD - Mini-LiveCDs, Live CD - Emulation, Live CD - List of LiveCDs, Live CD - Apple Macintosh OS-based, Live CD - BSD-based, Live CD - Linux-based, Live CD - Microsoft Windows-based, Live CD - OpenSolaris-based, Live CD - Others, Live CD - Rescue and Repair Live CDs

Read more here: » Live CD: Encyclopedia II - Live CD - List of LiveCDs

In 1983, Richard Stallman founded the GNU project, which today provides an essential part of most Linux systems (see also GNU/Linux, below). The goal of GNU was to develop a complete Unix-like operating system composed entirely of free software. By the beginning of the 1990s, GNU had produced or collected nearly all of the necessary components of this system—libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix-like shell, and other software—except for the lowest level, the kernel. The GNU project began developing their own kernel, the Hurd, in 199 ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Portability of Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - History

More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size, a study of Red Hat Linux 7.1, found that this particular distribution contained 30 million source lines of code (SLOC). The Linux kernel contained 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total. Using the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand person-years of development time. Had all this software been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 dollars) to develop in the United States. Slightly over half of the code in ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Portability of Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - Development efforts

In the past, a user needed significant knowledge of computers in order to install and configure Linux. Because of this, and because of being attracted by access to the internals of the system, Linux users have traditionally tended to be more technologically oriented than users of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, sometimes revelling in the tag of "hacker" or "geek". This stereotype has been dispelled in recent years by the increased user-friendliness and broad adoption of many Linux distributions. Linux has made considerable gains in server and special-purpose markets, such as image rendering and Web services, and is now making inroad ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Portability of Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - Applications

Some LiveCDs come with an installation utility launchable from a desktop icon that can optionally install the system on a hard drive or USB keydrive. Most LiveCDs can access the information on internal and/or external hard drives, diskettes and USB Flash memories. Most LiveCDs contain a system based on the GNU system and the Linux kernel, but there are also LiveCDs based on other operating systems, such as Mac OS, Mac OS X, BeOS, FreeBSD, Minix, NetBSD, Plan 9 or Microsoft Windows, though the legal status of LiveCDs based on Windows c ...

See also:

Live CD, Live CD - Common traits, Live CD - Mini-LiveCDs, Live CD - Emulation, Live CD - List of LiveCDs, Live CD - Apple Macintosh OS-based, Live CD - BSD-based, Live CD - Linux-based, Live CD - Microsoft Windows-based, Live CD - OpenSolaris-based, Live CD - Others, Live CD - Rescue and Repair Live CDs

Read more here: » Live CD: Encyclopedia II - Live CD - Common traits

Linux is predominantly used as part of a Linux distribution (commonly called a 'distro'). These are compiled by individuals, loose-knit teams, and various professional organizations. They include additional system software and application programs, as well as certain processes to install these systems on a computer. Distributions are created for many different purposes, including localization, architecture support, real-time appli ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Portability of Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - Distributions

In the past, a user needed significant knowledge of computers in order to install and configure Linux. Because of this, and because of being attracted by access to the internals of the system, Linux users have traditionally tended to be more technologically oriented than users of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, sometimes revelling in the tag of "hacker" or "geek". This stereotype has been dispelled in recent years by the increased user-friendliness and broad adoption of many Linux distributions. Linux has made considerable gains in server and special-purpose markets, such as image rendering and Web services, and is now making inroad ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - Applications

Prominent components of the GNU system include the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU C Library (glibc), the GNU Emacs text editor, and the GNOME graphical desktop. Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems and are often installed on proprietary UNIX systems to replace the proprietary utilities. As well as giving users freedom, many of these GNU programs have been proven to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts [2]. The reputation of GNU software is especially good for its software developme ...

See also:

GNU, GNU - History, GNU - Licensing, GNU - Design and implementation, GNU - GNU software, GNU - Distributions of GNU, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Linux kernel, GNU - Distributions of GNU using kernels of *BSD, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Solaris kernel

Read more here: » GNU: Encyclopedia II - GNU - GNU software

The initial plan for GNU was to be mostly Unix-compatible, while adding enhancements where they were useful. The design of the kernel was GNU's largest departure from "traditional" Unix. GNU's kernel was to be a multi-server micro-kernel. The GNU Hurd runs on a microkernel (currently Mach) and consists of a set of programs called servers that offers the same functionality as the traditional Unix kernel or Linux). GNU (using Hurd) can ...

See also:

GNU, GNU - History, GNU - Licensing, GNU - Design and implementation, GNU - GNU software, GNU - Distributions of GNU, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Linux kernel, GNU - Distributions of GNU using kernels of *BSD, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Solaris kernel

Read more here: » GNU: Encyclopedia II - GNU - Design and implementation

The term "trusted" is often applied to operating systems that meet different levels of the common criteria, some of which are discussed above as the techniques for creating secure systems. A computer industry group led by Microsoft has used the term "trusted system" to include making computer hardware that could impose restrictions on how people use their computers. The project is called the Trusted Computing ...

See also:

Computer security, Computer security - Computer security by design, Computer security - Early history of security by design, Computer security - Techniques for creating secure systems, Computer security - Capabilities vs. ACLs, Computer security - Other uses of the term trusted, Computer security - Notable persons in computer security

Read more here: » Computer security: Encyclopedia II - Computer security - Other uses of the term trusted

Within computer systems, the two fundamental means of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capabilities. The semantics of ACLs have been proven to be insecure in many situations (e.g., Confused deputy problem). It has also been shown that ACL's promise of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems — only that the designers of certain utilities must take ...

See also:

Computer security, Computer security - Computer security by design, Computer security - Early history of security by design, Computer security - Techniques for creating secure systems, Computer security - Capabilities vs. ACLs, Computer security - Other uses of the term trusted, Computer security - Notable persons in computer security

Read more here: » Computer security: Encyclopedia II - Computer security - Capabilities vs. ACLs

GNU - Distributions of GNU using Linux kernel. Main articles: GNU/Linux, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{ ...

See also:

GNU, GNU - History, GNU - Licensing, GNU - Design and implementation, GNU - GNU software, GNU - Distributions of GNU, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Linux kernel, GNU - Distributions of GNU using kernels of *BSD, GNU - Distributions of GNU using Solaris kernel

Read more here: » GNU: Encyclopedia II - GNU - Distributions of GNU

In 1983, Richard Stallman founded the GNU project, which today provides an essential part of most Linux systems (see also GNU/Linux, below). The goal of GNU was to develop a complete Unix-like operating system composed entirely of free software. By the beginning of the 1990s, GNU had produced or collected nearly all of the necessary components of this system—libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix-like shell, and other software—except for the lowest level, the kernel. The GNU project began developing their own kernel, the Hurd, in 199 ...

See also:

Linux, Linux - History, Linux - Licensing, Linux - Pronunciation, Linux - Linux and GNU/Linux, Linux - Litigation, Linux - Distributions, Linux - Development efforts, Linux - Applications, Linux - Usability and market share, Linux - Installation, Linux - Demonstration, Linux - Configuration, Linux - Running Windows applications, Linux - Programming on Linux, Linux - Support, Linux - General, Linux - Lists, Linux - Magazines, Linux - Videos

Read more here: » Linux: Encyclopedia II - Linux - History