Exilarch - Relations with the Academies. In accordance with the character of Talmudic tradition it is the relation of the exilarchs to the heads and members of the schools that is especially referred to in Talmudic literature. The Seder 'Olam Zuta, the chronicle of the exilarchs that is the most important and in many cases the only source of information concerning their succession, has also preserved chiefly the names of those scholars who had certain official relations with the respective exilarchs. The p ...

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Exilarch, Exilarch - Development and organization, Exilarch - Holders of the office, Exilarch - Traced to Jehoiachin, Exilarch - First historic mention, Exilarch - Succession of Exilarchs, Exilarch - The Mar 'Ukbans, Exilarch - Persecutions under Peroz and Kobad, Exilarch - Deposition of 'Ukba., Exilarch - Later traces, Exilarch - Character of the exilarchate in the first era, Exilarch - Relations with the Academies, Exilarch - Retinue of the Exilarch, Exilarch - Etiquette of the Resh Galuta's court, Exilarch - Juridical functions, Exilarch - Character of the exilarchate in the Arabic era, Exilarch - Installation ceremonies, Exilarch - Income and privileges

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949: First known Paramara copperplate found at Harsola. Mentions Paramara Siyaka as a feudatory of Rashtrakuta Akalavarsha. It mentions Paramaras being of the same clan (kula) as the Rashtrakutas. 975, 986: Vakpati Munja assumes Rashtrakuta name Amoghavarsha and titles Srivallabha and Prathvivallabha, indicating he regarded himself to be a succesor of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta. Thus there is no mention of Agnikunda in the early records, and Paramaras appear to be ...

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Agni-kunda, Agni-kunda - Early Parmara chronology, Agni-kunda - Agnikunda myth chronology

Read more here: » Agni-kunda: Encyclopedia II - Agni-kunda - Early Parmara chronology

The Gakhar clans apical ancestor is Kaid of Isfahan, who was a son of Bahram V of Persia (also called "Bahram Gur"). In the Sassanid era, Isfahan was governed by "Espoohrans" or the members of seven noble Iranian families who had important royal positions. According to the Gakhar legends, these families went into exile, under the leadership of Feroozshah, in China, serving as an Imperial Guard to the emperor, then Tibet then Kashmir then Kabul wher ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars

Huns - 3rd-5th centuries. Dionysius Periegetes talks of people who may be Huns living next to the Caspian Sea in second century AD. This is coroborated in 214 AD by Choronei Mozes in his "History of Armenia". Mozes introduces the Hunni near the Sarmatians and goes on to describe how they captured the city of Balk ("Kush" in Armenian) sometime between 194 and 214, which explains why the Gre ...

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Huns, Huns - Origins and research, Huns - History, Huns - 3rd-5th centuries, Huns - European Huns, Huns - Avars, Huns - Historiography, Huns - Modern ethnic Huns?, Huns - Possible Successor Nations

Read more here: » Huns: Encyclopedia II - Huns - History

Chaotic conditions followed the rise of Avar power in Europe in the 550s. The Avar Onoghur dynasty (580s-685) had mixed Avar-Bulgar heritage, but the name Onogur possibly comes from the name "Hun". The English name "Hungary" derives from Onogur, allowing some space for their inclusion in the list of Hun Dynasties. ...

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Huns, Huns - Origins and research, Huns - History, Huns - 3rd-5th centuries, Huns - European Huns, Huns - Avars, Huns - Historiography, Huns - Modern ethnic Huns?, Huns - Possible Successor Nations

Read more here: » Huns: Encyclopedia II - Huns - Avars

The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, an extension on the name Saka used by the Persians to designate Scythians. From the time of the Mahabharata wars (1500-500 BCE) Shakas receive numerous mentions in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Mahabhasiya of Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Brihat-Katha-Manjari, the Katha-Saritsagara and several other old texts. They are described as part of an amalgam of o ...

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Indo-Scythians, Indo-Scythians - Origins, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythian kingdoms, Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene, Indo-Scythians - Gandhara and Punjab, Indo-Scythians - Mathura, Indo-Scythians - Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests, Indo-Scythians - Western Kshatrapas legacy, Indo-Scythians - The Indo-Scythians and Buddhism, Indo-Scythians - Mathura lion capital, Indo-Scythians - Coinage, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythians in Ancient Indian Litterature, Indo-Scythians - Degraded Kshatriyas from the northwest, Indo-Scythians - Invasion of India 180 BCE onward, Indo-Scythians - Extinction in the 5th century CE, Indo-Scythians - Main Indo-Scythian rulers

Read more here: » Indo-Scythians: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythians in Ancient Indian Litterature

The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, an extension on the name Saca used by the Persians to designate Scythians. Shakas receive numerous mentions in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Mahabhasiya of Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Brihat-Katha-Manjari, the Katha-Saritsagara and several other old texts. The Shakas are described as part of an amalgam of other war-like tribes from the northwest. See also:

Saka, Saka - Connection theories, Saka - Asian peoples, Saka - European peoples, Saka - Sakas in Ancient Indian Literature, Saka - Degraded Kshatriyas from the northwest, Saka - Military actions, Saka - Military alliance with Chandragupta circa 320 BCE

Read more here: » Saka: Encyclopedia II - Saka - Sakas in Ancient Indian Literature

Huns - 3rd-5th centuries. Dionysius Periegetes talks of people who may be Huns living next to the Caspian Sea in second century AD. Ptolemy lists the "Chuni" as among the "Sarmatian" tribes in the second century, although it is not known for certain if these people were the Huns. The fifth century Armenian historian Moses of Khorene, in his "History of Armenia," introduces the Hunni near the Sarmatians and goes on to describe how they captured the city of Balk ("Kush" in Armenian) sometime between 194 and 214, which explains why the Gre ...

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Huns, Huns - Origins and research, Huns - History, Huns - 3rd-5th centuries, Huns - European Huns, Huns - Avars, Huns - Historiography, Huns - Modern ethnic Huns?, Huns - Possible Successor Nations

Read more here: » Huns: Encyclopedia II - Huns - History

Magic paranormal - Magical intentions. There are several historical varieties of magical practice. Generally, magical intentions can be divided into two general areas. The first is divination, which seeks to reveal information. Varieties of divination include: astrology augury cartomancy dowsing fortune telling ge ...

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Magic paranormal, Magic paranormal - Etymology, Magic paranormal - Magic and Religion, Magic paranormal - History, Magic paranormal - Magical beliefs in Western Europe, Magic paranormal - In the Middle Ages, Magic paranormal - Magic in the Renaissance, Magic paranormal - Magic and Romanticism, Magic paranormal - Magic in the twentieth century, Magic paranormal - Beliefs, Magic paranormal - Theories of magic, Magic paranormal - Religious ritual and magical thinking, Magic paranormal - Magical practices and spells, Magic paranormal - Varieties of magical practice, Magic paranormal - Magical intentions, Magic paranormal - Magical traditions, Magic paranormal - Magic in fiction, Magic paranormal - Religious attitudes towards magic, Magic paranormal - Indigenous traditions, Magic paranormal - Magic and the Magi, Magic paranormal - In Judaism and Christianity, Magic paranormal - In Islam, Magic paranormal - In Hinduism

Read more here: » Magic paranormal: Encyclopedia II - Magic paranormal - Varieties of magical practice

The best-known type of magical practice is the spell, a ritualistic formula intended to bring about a specific effect. Spells are often spoken or written or physically constructed using a particular set of ingredients. The failure of a spell to work may be attributed to many causes, such as failure to follow the exact formula, general circumstances being unconducive, lack of magical ability or downright fraud. Another well-known magical practice is divination, which seeks to reveal information about the past, present or ...

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Magic paranormal, Magic paranormal - Etymology, Magic paranormal - Magic and Religion, Magic paranormal - History, Magic paranormal - Magical beliefs in Western Europe, Magic paranormal - In the Middle Ages, Magic paranormal - Magic in the Renaissance, Magic paranormal - Magic and Romanticism, Magic paranormal - Magic in the twentieth century, Magic paranormal - Beliefs, Magic paranormal - Theories of magic, Magic paranormal - Religious ritual and magical thinking, Magic paranormal - Varieties of magical practice, Magic paranormal - Magical traditions, Magic paranormal - Magic in fiction, Magic paranormal - Religious attitudes towards magic, Magic paranormal - Indigenous traditions, Magic paranormal - Magic and the Magi, Magic paranormal - In Judaism and Christianity, Magic paranormal - In Islam, Magic paranormal - In Hinduism

Read more here: » Magic paranormal: Encyclopedia II - Magic paranormal - Varieties of magical practice

There are currently about 360 subcastes or subtribes within the Gujjars. The more well-known of them are: Ajar / Bakarwal Awan Bajjar Bainsla Bhand (A tribe in Gujrat - Disputed whether they are Gujjars or Dalit) Bhatti (also found among Rajputs) Chauhan Chechi (see Chach) Gorsi (see Goris, Gori,Ghowr -- Gor/Gori is a Middle-Persian word for mountain/mountainous region, not white woman!) Jagal Kalas (see Kaliz-Khalis-Khalyzians of Kh ...

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Gujjar, Gujjar - Ethnic makeup, Gujjar - History, Gujjar - Later History, Gujjar - Georgian origin, Gujjar - Maharastran Gujjars, Gujjar - Caste, Gujjar - Subcastes, Gujjar - Famous Gujjars in history, Gujjar - Note

Read more here: » Gujjar: Encyclopedia II - Gujjar - Subcastes

Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence. The most acceptable view is that the ancient Kambojas originally belonged to the 'Galcha' speaking area (the Iranian Pamirs and Badakshan) in Central Asia (Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, p 455, Dr G. A. Grierson). Yaska's Nirukata (II/2.8) attests that verb 'shavati' in the sense 'to go' was used by the Kambojas and only the Kambojas (Early Eastern Iran and Atharvaveda, 1980, 92, Dr Michael Witzel; also Nilukata, Vol I, Sarup). shavatir gatikarmaa Ka ...

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Kamboja Location, Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha, Kamboja Location - Epic evidence, Kamboja Location - Puranic Bhuvankosa evidence, Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence, Kamboja Location - Vamsa Brahmana and Aitareya Brahmana evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Raghuvamsa's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Commentator on Harsha-Carita, Kamboja Location - Hiun Tsang's evidence, Kamboja Location - Kalhana's evidence, Kamboja Location - Ramayana evidence, Kamboja Location - Sumerian evidence, Kamboja Location - Al-Idrisi's evidence, Kamboja Location - Praja Bhatta's evidence, Kamboja Location - Conclusion, Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Dasam-Granth, Kamboja Location - Galcha evidence, Kamboja Location - List of references

Read more here: » Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja

The term "Hun" has been used to describe peoples with no historical connection to what scholars consider "Hun". On July 27, 1901, during the Boxer Rebellion in China, Kaiser Wilhelm II gave the order to "make the name 'German' remembered in China for a thousand years, so that no Chinaman will ever again dare to even squint at a German". This speech, wherein Wilhelm invoked the memory of the 5th-century Huns, coupled with the Pickelhaube or spiked helmet worn by German forces until 1916, that was reminiscent of ancient Hun (and Hungari ...

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Huns, Huns - Origins and research, Huns - History, Huns - 3rd-5th centuries, Huns - European Huns, Huns - Avars, Huns - Historiography, Huns - Modern ethnic Huns?, Huns - Possible Successor Nations

Read more here: » Huns: Encyclopedia II - Huns - Historiography

At Timur’s death in 1405 AD. Jasrat Gakhar regained his freedom, returned to the Punjab and reestablished the Gakhar state. Meanwhile Timur's governor Khizr Khan seized the Delhi Sutanate for himself. Khizr Khan’s son, Mubarak Shah, spent much of his reign trying to defend Delhi against the Gakhar ruler Jasrat who was growing stronger. Around AD 1420. Jasrat defeated the army of Kashmir and participated in the selection of the new Kashmir ruler, the great Zain-ul-ab-ad-din (see History of Kashmir). The Gakhars w ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar

Anthropologists often associate regional affinities with racial differences. South Indian or "Dravidian" states usually have people with darker skin. People in the states of Eastern Kashmir, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and other Northeastern Indians states tend to look more "Mongoloid" than "Caucasoid". North India shows a stronger Aryan influence. Indeed, the languages of northern India are preponderantly Indo-Aryan, and it is in this region that Sanskrit and the various Prakrits are thought to have first found a home in India. Also, althoug ...

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North India, North India - People, North India - Traditional economy

Read more here: » North India: Encyclopedia II - North India - People

NLP has been empirically tested over many years and many of its models and methods have been found to be largely ineffective (Singer & Lalich, 1996). The 1988 US National Committee (a board of 14 prepared scientific experts) report found that "Individually, and as a group, these studies fail to provide an empirical base of support for NLP assumptions...or NLP effectiveness. The committee cannot recommend the employment of such an unvalidated technique" (Druckman & Swets, 1988). In addition, Edgar Johnson, technical director of ...

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Neuro-linguistic programming, Neuro-linguistic programming - Overview, Neuro-linguistic programming - Foundational Assumptions, Neuro-linguistic programming - NLP and Theory, Neuro-linguistic programming - Common Techniques and Practices, Neuro-linguistic programming - NLP Modeling, Neuro-linguistic programming - Fundamentals, Neuro-linguistic programming - Presuppositions, Neuro-linguistic programming - The B.A.G.E.L. Model, Neuro-linguistic programming - Eye accessing cues body cues and NLP representational systems, Neuro-linguistic programming - Meta-model and Milton Model, Neuro-linguistic programming - Varying Concepts, Neuro-linguistic programming - Background and Applications, Neuro-linguistic programming - Background, Neuro-linguistic programming - Applications, Neuro-linguistic programming - Scientific analysis of NLP, Neuro-linguistic programming - Criticism, Neuro-linguistic programming - False claims to science, Neuro-linguistic programming - Pseudoscience, Neuro-linguistic programming - Ethical Concerns, Neuro-linguistic programming - Questionable Applications, Neuro-linguistic programming - Cult characteristics, Neuro-linguistic programming - Developers

Read more here: » Neuro-linguistic programming: Encyclopedia II - Neuro-linguistic programming - Scientific analysis of NLP

The Indo-Scythians seem to have been followers of Buddhism, and many of their practices apparently continued those of the Indo-Greeks. Indo-Scythians - Mathura lion capital. The Mathura lion capital, which associates many the Indo-Scythian rulers from Maues to Rajuvula, mentions a dedication of a relic of the Buddha in a stupa. It also bears centraly the Buddhist symbol of the triratana, and is also filled with mentions of the bhagavat Buddha Sakyamuni, and characteristically Buddhist phrases such as: ...

See also:

Indo-Scythians, Indo-Scythians - Origins, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythian kingdoms, Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene, Indo-Scythians - Gandhara and Punjab, Indo-Scythians - Mathura, Indo-Scythians - Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests, Indo-Scythians - Western Kshatrapas legacy, Indo-Scythians - The Indo-Scythians and Buddhism, Indo-Scythians - Mathura lion capital, Indo-Scythians - Coinage, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythians in Ancient Indian Litterature, Indo-Scythians - Degraded Kshatriyas from the northwest, Indo-Scythians - Invasion of India 180 BCE onward, Indo-Scythians - Extinction in the 5th century CE, Indo-Scythians - Main Indo-Scythian rulers

Read more here: » Indo-Scythians: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Scythians - The Indo-Scythians and Buddhism

All NLP literature refers to the altering of one's neurology through the neural pathways of the senses and the neural circuits of the brain. Most current NLP literature mentions no more than the reprogramming of mental habits and associations. However, the neurological concept engrams is used by some NLP theorists to explain how NLP works [5][6](Drenth 2003; Levelt 1995). Some practitioners theorize that NLP processes can be explained through the neurological concepts of programming and reprogramming engrams (Sinclair 1992). Within N ...

See also:

Neuro-linguistic programming, Neuro-linguistic programming - Overview, Neuro-linguistic programming - Foundational Assumptions, Neuro-linguistic programming - NLP and Theory, Neuro-linguistic programming - Common Techniques and Practices, Neuro-linguistic programming - NLP Modeling, Neuro-linguistic programming - Fundamentals, Neuro-linguistic programming - Presuppositions, Neuro-linguistic programming - The B.A.G.E.L. Model, Neuro-linguistic programming - Eye accessing cues body cues and NLP representational systems, Neuro-linguistic programming - Meta-model and Milton Model, Neuro-linguistic programming - Varying Concepts, Neuro-linguistic programming - Background and Applications, Neuro-linguistic programming - Background, Neuro-linguistic programming - Applications, Neuro-linguistic programming - Scientific analysis of NLP, Neuro-linguistic programming - Criticism, Neuro-linguistic programming - False claims to science, Neuro-linguistic programming - Pseudoscience, Neuro-linguistic programming - Ethical Concerns, Neuro-linguistic programming - Questionable Applications, Neuro-linguistic programming - Cult characteristics, Neuro-linguistic programming - Developers

Read more here: » Neuro-linguistic programming: Encyclopedia II - Neuro-linguistic programming - Varying Concepts

The Matoran of Voya Nui have never seen a Toa, and their Turaga died long ago; they are instead led by an Onu-Matoran of their own number. Since they have no protectors, some of them have become great warriors. But since they have never seen a Toa, they mistake six rogue Dark Hunters - the Piraka - for Toa. A mistake they are going to regret. Voya Nui Matoran are also known as "Doomtoran" or "IODtoran," after the first Bionicle Legends book "Island of Doom". From what we know, the Voya Nui Matoran do not wear the same masks as their Mata/Metru Nui counterparts; the ones we've seen inst ...

See also:

Matoran, Matoran - Matoran Types, Matoran - Mata Nui/Metru Nui Matoran, Matoran - Voya Nui Matoran, Matoran - Notes

Read more here: » Matoran: Encyclopedia II - Matoran - Voya Nui Matoran

But worse was to come; The Mongol conqueror, Timur (1370–1405), ruler of the Timurid Empire in Central Asia. Known for his daring military adventures, audacious campaigns and aggressive expansions, Timur was also responsible for bloodthirsty massacres of civilians and the plundering of whole nations. In 1398, when Timur was more than sixty years of age, Ferishta tells us that, "informed of the commotions and civil wars of India," he "began his expedition into that country," and on the September ...

See also:

Gakhars, Gakhars - Introduction, Gakhars - Earliest History of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar

The Gurjars of today are mainly a combination of local South Asian peoples who have absorbed some Central Asian elements over time. Many Gurjars are well represented in agriculture, the urban professions, civil service and officer class. They are now settled on large tracts of lands in northern India and Pakistan. They are known as very good farmers. The majority of the Gurjars are found in what is today Pakistan, while India has the second largest Gujar population. Now their population is about 33 million in Pakistan and 30 million i ...

See also:

Gujjar, Gujjar - Ethnic makeup, Gujjar - History, Gujjar - Later History, Gujjar - Georgian origin, Gujjar - Maharastran Gujjars, Gujjar - Caste, Gujjar - Subcastes, Gujjar - Famous Gujjars in history, Gujjar - Note

Read more here: » Gujjar: Encyclopedia II - Gujjar - Ethnic makeup

Sultan Adam was imprisoned at Pharwala Fort by his nephew Kamal Khan, one of Sultan Sarang's sons. Adam died in captivity. Kamal Khan also hanged Adam's son Lashkar Khan who had been found guilty of an illicit love affair with the wife of Kamal Khans brother. Abul Fazl in his Akbarnama gives a different version omitting all reference to the love-affair and asserting that on a petition from Kamal Khan, Akbar ordered the division of the Gakhar territory between him and his uncle Adam; this resulted in a pitched battle in which Adam was utterly ...

See also:

Gakhars, Gakhars - Introduction, Gakhars - Earliest History of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars