Tree-of-Life is a bush whose smell is unnoticeable to breeders until they reach about 25 Pak years (or 42 human years); after that, the smell suddenly becomes irresistible. The breeder eats the root, infecting himself with a symbiotic virus in the root and triggering the transition. After consuming Tree-of-Life, Pak breeder forms (such as humans) turn into the Pak Protector form, which involves reconfiguration of the anatomy, including the acquisition of a leathery armor or exoskeleton, strong enough to turn a copper knife. Joints swe ...

See also:

Pak Protector, Pak Protector - The Pak species, Pak Protector - Tree Of Life, Pak Protector - Protector behaviour, Pak Protector - The Pak and Humanity, Pak Protector - Narrative purpose

Read more here: » Pak Protector: Encyclopedia II - Pak Protector - Tree Of Life

Humans are descended from Pak breeders that were stranded on Earth 2.5 million years ago. The protectors that built the colony ship died out from lack of food. The reason why humans evolved beyond the original Pak breeder form (Homo habilis) is that the Tree-of-Life virus requires thallium in the soil to survive and Earth is not adequately thallious; all our Pak Protectors died out mill ...

See also:

Pak Protector, Pak Protector - The Pak species, Pak Protector - Tree Of Life, Pak Protector - Protector behaviour, Pak Protector - The Pak and Humanity, Pak Protector - Narrative purpose

Read more here: » Pak Protector: Encyclopedia II - Pak Protector - The Pak and Humanity

Meiosis occurs in all eukaryotic life cycles involving sexual reproduction, comprising of the constant cyclical process of meiosis and fertilization. This takes place alongside normal mitotic cell division. In multicellular organisms, there is an intermediary step between the diploid and haploid transition where the organism grows. The organism will then produce the germ cells that continue in the life cycle. The rest of the cell ...

See also:

Meiosis, Meiosis - Occurrence of meiosis in eukaryotic life cycles, Meiosis - Chromosome segregation in meiosis, Meiosis - Process, Meiosis - Meiosis I, Meiosis - Meiosis II, Meiosis - Significance of meiosis, Meiosis - Nondisjunction, Meiosis - Meiosis in humans

Read more here: » Meiosis: Encyclopedia II - Meiosis - Occurrence of meiosis in eukaryotic life cycles

In popular culture, such as movies and comics, "aliens" are often depicted as somewhat humanoid in their appearance (See Greys, Little green men, Star Trek). There are several reasons for this humanoid depiction in popular culture. It makes it easier for an alien in a movie scene to simply be a disguised human actor. Aliens in movies, in order to catch our attention, must trigger instantaneous emotional reaction; this requires a design based on recognizable human facial features and expressions. It is easier to relate to an ali ...

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Extraterrestrial life in popular culture, Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Typical characteristics, Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Extraterrestrial life in fiction, Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Silicon based life

Read more here: » Extraterrestrial life in popular culture: Encyclopedia II - Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Typical characteristics

In popular culture, such as movies and comics, "aliens" are often depicted as somewhat humanoid in their appearance (See Greys, Little green men). There are several reasons for this humanoid depiction in popular culture. It makes it easier for an alien in a movie scene to simply be a disguised human actor. Aliens in movies, in order to catch our attention, must trigger instantaneous emotional reaction; this requires a design based on recognizable human facial features and expressions. It is easier to relate to an alien with features w ...

See also:

Extraterrestrial life in popular culture, Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Typical characteristics, Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Extraterrestrial life in fiction, Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Silicon based life

Read more here: » Extraterrestrial life in popular culture: Encyclopedia II - Extraterrestrial life in popular culture - Typical characteristics

Meiosis occurs in all eukaryotic life cycles involving sexual reproduction, comprising of the constant cyclical process of meiosis and fertilization. This takes place alongside normal mitotic cell division. In multicellular organisms, there is an intermediary step between the diploid and haploid transition where the organism grows. The organism will then produce the germ cells that continue in the life cycle. The rest of the cells, called somatic cells, function within the organism and will die with it. The organism phase of the life ...

See also:

Meiosis, Meiosis - History, Meiosis - Occurrence of meiosis in eukaryotic life cycles, Meiosis - Chromosome segregation in meiosis, Meiosis - Process, Meiosis - Meiosis I, Meiosis - Meiosis II, Meiosis - Significance of meiosis, Meiosis - Nondisjunction, Meiosis - Meiosis in humans

Read more here: » Meiosis: Encyclopedia II - Meiosis - Occurrence of meiosis in eukaryotic life cycles

Human - Anatomy and physiology. Main articles: Human anatomy, and Human physical appearance, and Human height, See also:

Human, Human - Terminology, Human - Biology, Human - Anatomy and physiology, Human - Life cycle, Human - Genetics, Human - Race and ethnicity, Human - Habitat, Human - Food and drink, Human - Population, Human - Evolution, Human - Intelligence, Human - Culture, Human - Origins, Human - Emotion and sexuality, Human - Language, Human - Music, Human - Government politics and the state, Human - Trade and economics, Human - War, Human - Artifacts science and technology, Human - Body image, Human - Mind, Human - Psychology and human ethology, Human - Philosophy, Human - Motivation, Human - Self-reflection and humanism, Human - Spirit

Read more here: » Human: Encyclopedia II - Human - Biology

However, some of these ambitions parallel and oppose the ambition of the United Religions Initiative, generic global ethics and humanism to place an infinitely high value on human life - and thus, as the greens see it, a constantly-decreasing value on other life. Indeed, a dramatic fact highlighted by the IPCC is that a human life in developed nations is valued 15x higher than in the developing nations - measured strictly in terms of ability to pay to prevent global climate change. Most political Greens reject such an analysis as hope ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?

Following its discovery, the cinnamon-scented melange became a commodity of central importance to the universe due to its rarity and numerous remarkable properties. The most common of these properties is that it serves as a geriatric narcotic — a drug capable of extending human life well beyond its natural limits. This comes at the cost of great addiction and the denial of spice to an addict can only result in death. Spice addicts are easy to spot by their blue-in-blue eyes a ...

See also:

Sandworm Dune, Sandworm Dune - The Sandworm Life Cycle, Sandworm Dune - Sandworms and the Spice Melange, Sandworm Dune - Melange and sandworm exploitation by humans, Sandworm Dune - Paul-Muad'Dib Leto II and the Sandworms, Sandworm Dune - Derivative works

Read more here: » Sandworm Dune: Encyclopedia II - Sandworm Dune - Melange and sandworm exploitation by humans

Only about 12 of the 6,000 known species are infectious to mankind, but some of these species are important diseases with of 200 million people infected world wide. The species that infect humans can be divided into groups, the Schistosomiasomes and the non-Schistosomiasomes. Digenea - Schistosomiasomes. The Schistosomiasomes are all parasites of the circulatory system of their primary host, meaning they live and feed inside the blood vessels. Because of this they are all very thin animals, ranging in size ...

See also:

Digenea, Digenea - Morphology, Digenea - Key features, Digenea - Reproductive system, Digenea - Digestive system, Digenea - Nervous system, Digenea - Life cycles, Digenea - Human digenean infections, Digenea - Schistosomiasomes, Digenea - non-Schistosomiasomes, Digenea - Important publications

Read more here: » Digenea: Encyclopedia II - Digenea - Human digenean infections

Sandworms begin their life as simple creatures known as sandtrout, or "Little Makers" to the Fremen. These creatures are similar to the trocophore larvae of terrestrial annelids and molluscs: simple haploid ciliated creatures. Sandtrout are drawn to water in the open desert and together multiple sandtrout will gather to encapsulate water, creating deserts safe for the adult worms. Once they have done so, they begin to make chemical alterations to the water to produce pre-spice mass, a potential water-safe nourishment for adult worms. ...

See also:

Sandworm Dune, Sandworm Dune - The Sandworm Life Cycle, Sandworm Dune - Sandworms and the Spice Melange, Sandworm Dune - Melange and sandworm exploitation by humans, Sandworm Dune - Paul-Muad'Dib Leto II and the Sandworms, Sandworm Dune - Derivative works

Read more here: » Sandworm Dune: Encyclopedia II - Sandworm Dune - The Sandworm Life Cycle

Pak evolved on a planet near the core of the galaxy. Increased radiation levels at the core cause severe mutations that can destabilize the evolution process. As a result, the Pak evolved a mechanism to eliminate dangerous mutations from the population. That mechanism is the protector stage. Pak go through three stages of development: Child, Breeder and Protector. Child Pak are sexually immature and ...

See also:

Pak Protector, Pak Protector - The Pak species, Pak Protector - Tree Of Life, Pak Protector - Protector behaviour, Pak Protector - The Pak and Humanity, Pak Protector - Narrative purpose

Read more here: » Pak Protector: Encyclopedia II - Pak Protector - The Pak species

Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Speech and Press. The Constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the Government generally respects these rights in practice. In theory, an independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. However, Japan's system of exclusive press clubs, or kisha, has been criticised by press freedom groups [1]. The clubs often provide major media outlets with exclusive acc ...

See also:

Human rights in Japan, Human rights in Japan - Major issues, Human rights in Japan - Respect for the Integrity of the Person Including Freedom From:, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life, Human rights in Japan - Disappearance, Human rights in Japan - Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Arrest or Detention, Human rights in Japan - Denial of Fair Public Trial, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Interference with Privacy Family Home or Correspondence, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Civil Liberties Including, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Speech and Press, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Religion, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Movement Within the Country Foreign Travel Emigration and Repatriation, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government, Human rights in Japan - Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Human rights in Japan - Discrimination Based on Race Sex Disability Language or Social Status, Human rights in Japan - Women, Human rights in Japan - Children, Human rights in Japan - Trafficking in Persons, Human rights in Japan - Persons with Disabilities, Human rights in Japan - National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities, Human rights in Japan - Indigenous People, Human rights in Japan - Worker Rights, Human rights in Japan - The Right of Association, Human rights in Japan - The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, Human rights in Japan - Acceptable Conditions of Work, Human rights in Japan - External references

Read more here: » Human rights in Japan: Encyclopedia II - Human rights in Japan - Respect for Civil Liberties Including

The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, creed, gender, social status, or family origin, and the Government generally respected these provisions. Human rights in Japan - Women. Violence against women, particularly domestic violence, often went unreported due to social and cultural concerns about shaming one's family or endangering the reputation of one's spouse or children. Consequently, NPA statistics on violence against women probably understated the magnitude of the problem. Accor ...

See also:

Human rights in Japan, Human rights in Japan - Major issues, Human rights in Japan - Respect for the Integrity of the Person Including Freedom From:, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life, Human rights in Japan - Disappearance, Human rights in Japan - Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Arrest or Detention, Human rights in Japan - Denial of Fair Public Trial, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Interference with Privacy Family Home or Correspondence, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Civil Liberties Including, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Speech and Press, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Religion, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Movement Within the Country Foreign Travel Emigration and Repatriation, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government, Human rights in Japan - Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Human rights in Japan - Discrimination Based on Race Sex Disability Language or Social Status, Human rights in Japan - Women, Human rights in Japan - Children, Human rights in Japan - Trafficking in Persons, Human rights in Japan - Persons with Disabilities, Human rights in Japan - National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities, Human rights in Japan - Indigenous People, Human rights in Japan - Worker Rights, Human rights in Japan - The Right of Association, Human rights in Japan - The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, Human rights in Japan - Acceptable Conditions of Work, Human rights in Japan - External references

Read more here: » Human rights in Japan: Encyclopedia II - Human rights in Japan - Discrimination Based on Race Sex Disability Language or Social Status

Human rights in Japan - The Right of Association. The Constitution provides for the right of workers to associate freely in unions. In 2003, approximately 10.5 million workers, 19.6 percent of all employees, belonged to labor unions. Unions were free of government control and influence. The Japanese Trade Union Confederation, which represented 6.8 million workers and was formed in 1989 through the merger of seve ...

See also:

Human rights in Japan, Human rights in Japan - Major issues, Human rights in Japan - Respect for the Integrity of the Person Including Freedom From:, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life, Human rights in Japan - Disappearance, Human rights in Japan - Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Arrest or Detention, Human rights in Japan - Denial of Fair Public Trial, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Interference with Privacy Family Home or Correspondence, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Civil Liberties Including, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Speech and Press, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Religion, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Movement Within the Country Foreign Travel Emigration and Repatriation, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government, Human rights in Japan - Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Human rights in Japan - Discrimination Based on Race Sex Disability Language or Social Status, Human rights in Japan - Women, Human rights in Japan - Children, Human rights in Japan - Trafficking in Persons, Human rights in Japan - Persons with Disabilities, Human rights in Japan - National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities, Human rights in Japan - Indigenous People, Human rights in Japan - Worker Rights, Human rights in Japan - The Right of Association, Human rights in Japan - The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, Human rights in Japan - Acceptable Conditions of Work, Human rights in Japan - External references

Read more here: » Human rights in Japan: Encyclopedia II - Human rights in Japan - Worker Rights

The normal separation of chromosomes in Meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II is termed disjunction. When the separation is not normal, it is called nondisjunction. This results in the production of gametes which have either more or less of the usual amount of genetic material, and is a common mechanism for trisomy or monosomy. Nondisjunction can occur in the meiosis I or meiosis II phases of ...

See also:

Meiosis, Meiosis - History, Meiosis - Occurrence of meiosis in eukaryotic life cycles, Meiosis - Chromosome segregation in meiosis, Meiosis - Process, Meiosis - Meiosis I, Meiosis - Meiosis II, Meiosis - Significance of meiosis, Meiosis - Nondisjunction, Meiosis - Meiosis in humans

Read more here: » Meiosis: Encyclopedia II - Meiosis - Nondisjunction

It appears that Larry Niven created the Pak Protectors partly to show that high intelligence is simply an evolutionary tool. There have been some movements in SF that equate high intelligence with selflessness, civilization and altruism. Pak protectors are slaves to their instincts, which hard-wire their goals and priorities. Their intelligence serves evolutionary goals in order to preserve their species in a hostile environment. Niven has stated in other writings that he invented the Protectors as a thought experiment to explain the ...

See also:

Pak Protector, Pak Protector - The Pak species, Pak Protector - Tree Of Life, Pak Protector - Protector behaviour, Pak Protector - The Pak and Humanity, Pak Protector - Narrative purpose

Read more here: » Pak Protector: Encyclopedia II - Pak Protector - Narrative purpose

The Constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair elections held on the basis of universal suffrage. The country is a parliamentary democracy governed by the political party or parties able to form a majority in the lower house of its bicameral Diet. The LDP and the New Komeito Party formed the existing coalition government. Except for a brief hiatus in the 1990s, the LDP has been the dominant party in every government since the mid-1950s. ...

See also:

Human rights in Japan, Human rights in Japan - Major issues, Human rights in Japan - Respect for the Integrity of the Person Including Freedom From:, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life, Human rights in Japan - Disappearance, Human rights in Japan - Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Arrest or Detention, Human rights in Japan - Denial of Fair Public Trial, Human rights in Japan - Arbitrary Interference with Privacy Family Home or Correspondence, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Civil Liberties Including, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Speech and Press, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Religion, Human rights in Japan - Freedom of Movement Within the Country Foreign Travel Emigration and Repatriation, Human rights in Japan - Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government, Human rights in Japan - Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Human rights in Japan - Discrimination Based on Race Sex Disability Language or Social Status, Human rights in Japan - Women, Human rights in Japan - Children, Human rights in Japan - Trafficking in Persons, Human rights in Japan - Persons with Disabilities, Human rights in Japan - National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities, Human rights in Japan - Indigenous People, Human rights in Japan - Worker Rights, Human rights in Japan - The Right of Association, Human rights in Japan - The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, Human rights in Japan - Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, Human rights in Japan - Acceptable Conditions of Work, Human rights in Japan - External references

Read more here: » Human rights in Japan: Encyclopedia II - Human rights in Japan - Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government

Various strategies, targeting either the mollusc or avian hosts of schistomes, have been used by lakeside residents in recreational areas of North America to deal with outbreaks of swimmer's itch. In Michigan, for decades authorities used copper sulphate as a molluscicide to reduce snail host populations and thereby the incidence of swimmer's itch. The results with this agent have been inconclusive, possibly because snails become tolerant local water chemistry reduces the molluscicide's efficacy local currents diffuse it adjacent ...

See also:

Swimmer's itch, Swimmer's itch - Life cycles of non-human schistosomes, Swimmer's itch - Risk factors, Swimmer's itch - Control measures

Read more here: » Swimmer's itch: Encyclopedia II - Swimmer's itch - Control measures

In females, meiosis occurs in precursor cells known as oogonia that divide twice into oocytes. These stem cells stop at the diplotene stage of meiosis I and lay dormant within a protective shell of somatic cells called the follicle. Follicles begin growth at a steady pace in a process known as folliculogenesis, and a small number enter the menstrual cycle. Menstruated oocytes continue meiosis I and arrest at meiosis II until fertilization. The proce ...

See also:

Meiosis, Meiosis - History, Meiosis - Occurrence of meiosis in eukaryotic life cycles, Meiosis - Chromosome segregation in meiosis, Meiosis - Process, Meiosis - Meiosis I, Meiosis - Meiosis II, Meiosis - Significance of meiosis, Meiosis - Nondisjunction, Meiosis - Meiosis in humans

Read more here: » Meiosis: Encyclopedia II - Meiosis - Meiosis in humans

Mice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy. They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs, to test the safety of proposed drugs, and in basic research. The United States Animal Welfare Act covers most mammals but specifically excludes laboratory mice and rats. Most academic research institutes seek voluntary accreditation which requires certain minimal standards of care for laboratory animals. This accre ...

See also:

House mouse, House mouse - Physical descriptions, House mouse - Behavior, House mouse - Senses and communication, House mouse - Life cycle and reproduction, House mouse - Mice and humans, House mouse - Subspecies, House mouse - Special populations, House mouse - Laboratory mice, House mouse - Genome, House mouse - Mutant and transgenic strains

Read more here: » House mouse: Encyclopedia II - House mouse - Laboratory mice

Paul-Muad'Dib and Leto II had a unique experience with melange in their high tolerances and experiences of the spice agony. In Muad'Dib even a slight exposure to melange triggered prescience in him, but he built up an ever increasing resistance to it. When he went through the spice agony he was given complete prescience, a complete map of the future, as well as a complete awakening as the Kwisatz Haderach. Leto II, wishing to avoid complete prescience avoided high concentrations of melange, but was eventually kidnapped and forced to c ...

See also:

Sandworm Dune, Sandworm Dune - The Sandworm Life Cycle, Sandworm Dune - Sandworms and the Spice Melange, Sandworm Dune - Melange and sandworm exploitation by humans, Sandworm Dune - Paul-Muad'Dib Leto II and the Sandworms, Sandworm Dune - Derivative works

Read more here: » Sandworm Dune: Encyclopedia II - Sandworm Dune - Paul-Muad'Dib Leto II and the Sandworms