For human purposes, it's most important to understand that iron is not just an absolute requirement for life for humans but also most bacterial species, including bacteria that cause human diseases. And because plants and animals all use iron, iron can be found in a wide variety of food sources. Iron is essential because of its unique ability to serve as both an electron donor and acceptor. This property makes iron potentially toxic on its own, because iron can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals, which in ...

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Human iron metabolism, Human iron metabolism - Importance of iron regulation, Human iron metabolism - Body iron stores, Human iron metabolism - How the body gets its iron, Human iron metabolism - Absorbing iron from the diet, Human iron metabolism - Reasons for iron deficiency, Human iron metabolism - The possibility of too much iron, Human iron metabolism - How cells get their iron from the body, Human iron metabolism - Regulation of circulating iron levels, Human iron metabolism - Diseases of iron regulation

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Human iron metabolism, Human iron metabolism - Importance of iron regulation, Human iron metabolism - Body iron stores, Human iron metabolism - How the body gets its iron, Human iron metabolism - Absorbing iron from the diet, Human iron metabolism - Reasons for iron deficiency, Human iron metabolism - The possibility of too much iron, Human iron metabolism - How cells get their iron from the body, Human iron metabolism - Regulation of circulating iron levels, Human iron metabolism - Diseases of iron regulation

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Most well-nourished people in developing countries have 3-4 grams of iron in their bodies. Of this, perhaps 2.5 g is bound up in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood. Another 400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen (myoglobin), or performing energy-producing redox reactions (cytochromes). And around 3-4 mg circulates through the plasma, bound to transferrin. [3] Because so much iron is required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the fi ...

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Human iron metabolism, Human iron metabolism - Importance of iron regulation, Human iron metabolism - Body iron stores, Human iron metabolism - How the body gets its iron, Human iron metabolism - Absorbing iron from the diet, Human iron metabolism - Reasons for iron deficiency, Human iron metabolism - The possibility of too much iron, Human iron metabolism - How cells get their iron from the body, Human iron metabolism - Regulation of circulating iron levels, Human iron metabolism - Diseases of iron regulation

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Anemia of chronic disease, increasingly referred to as "anemia of inflammation", is a form of anemia seen in chronic illness, e.g. from chronic infection, chronic immune activation, or malignancy. New discoveries suggest that the syndrome is likely primarily the result of the body's production of hepcidin, a master regulator of human iron metabolism. In response to inflammatory cytokines, the liver produces increased amounts of hepcidin. Hepcidin in turn stops ferroportin from releasing iron stores. Inflammatory cytokines also appear ...

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Anemia of chronic disease - Diagnosis Anemia of chronic disease - Treatment

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As discussed above, most of the iron in the body is located on hemoglobin molecules of red blood cells. So, aging red blood cells are degraded and engulfed by specialized scavenging macrophages, which internalize the iron-containing hemoglobin, degrade it, put the iron onto transferrin molecules, and export the transferrin-iron complexes back out into the blood. This mechanism is the source of most of the iron used for blood cell production. But all cells use some iron, and must somehow get it from the circulating blood. Since iron is ...

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Human iron metabolism, Human iron metabolism - Importance of iron regulation, Human iron metabolism - Body iron stores, Human iron metabolism - How the body gets its iron, Human iron metabolism - Absorbing iron from the diet, Human iron metabolism - Reasons for iron deficiency, Human iron metabolism - The possibility of too much iron, Human iron metabolism - How cells get their iron from the body, Human iron metabolism - Regulation of circulating iron levels, Human iron metabolism - Diseases of iron regulation

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Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system which breaks down aged red blood cells. However, people lose a small but steady amount by sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 1 mg a day for men, and 1.5-2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods. People in developing countries with gastrointestinal parasitic infections often lose more. ^{See also:}

Human iron metabolism, Human iron metabolism - Importance of iron regulation, Human iron metabolism - Body iron stores, Human iron metabolism - How the body gets its iron, Human iron metabolism - Absorbing iron from the diet, Human iron metabolism - Reasons for iron deficiency, Human iron metabolism - The possibility of too much iron, Human iron metabolism - How cells get their iron from the body, Human iron metabolism - Regulation of circulating iron levels, Human iron metabolism - Diseases of iron regulation

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Iron overload disorder - Primary iron overload see the Haemochromatosis page. Type 1: Haemochromatosis associated to mutations in the HFE gene: (OMIM 235200) C282Y homozygosity C282Y/H63D compound heterozygosity Type 2: Juvenile hereditary iron overload (OMIM 602390) 2A: mutation of an unknown gene, tentatively called HFE2A 2B: mutation in hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) Type 3: Hereditary iron overload associated to mutatio ...

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Iron overload disorder, Iron overload disorder - Causes, Iron overload disorder - Primary iron overload see the Haemochromatosis page, Iron overload disorder - Secondary iron overload, Iron overload disorder - Miscellaneous, Iron overload disorder - Sources

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List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs 280-289. (280) Iron deficiency anemias (280.0) Iron deficiency anemia, chronic blood loss (280.1) Iron deficiency anemia, decreased intake (281) Other deficiency anemias (281.0) pernicious anemia (281.2) Anemia, folate deficiency (281.3) Other specified megaloblastic anemias, not elsewhere classified (282) Hereditary hemolytic anemias (282.0) He ...

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List of ICD-9 codes, List of ICD-9 codes - 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases 001-139, List of ICD-9 codes - Intestinal infectious diseases 001-009, List of ICD-9 codes - tuberculosis 010-018, List of ICD-9 codes - zoonotic bacterial diseases 020-027, List of ICD-9 codes - other bacterial diseases 030-041, List of ICD-9 codes - human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection 042-044, List of ICD-9 codes - poliomyelitis and other non-arthropod-borne viral diseases of central nervous system 045-049, List of ICD-9 codes - viral diseases accompanied by exanthem 050-057, List of ICD-9 codes - arthropod-borne viral diseases 060-066, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases due to viruses and chlamydiae 070-079, List of ICD-9 codes - rickettsioses and other arthropod-borne diseases 080-088, List of ICD-9 codes - syphilis and other venereal diseases 090-099, List of ICD-9 codes - other spirochetal diseases 100-104, List of ICD-9 codes - mycoses 110-118, List of ICD-9 codes - helminthiases 120-129, List of ICD-9 codes - other infectious and parasitic diseases 130-136, List of ICD-9 codes - late effects of infectious and parasitic diseases 137-139, List of ICD-9 codes - 2. Neoplasms 140-239, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lip oral cavity and pharynx 140-149, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of digestive organs and peritoneum 150-159, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of respiratory and intrathoracic organs 160-165, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of bone connective tissue skin and breast 170-176, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of genitourinary organs 179-189, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified sites 190-199, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue 200-208, List of ICD-9 codes - benign neoplasms 210-229, List of ICD-9 codes - carcinoma in situ 230-234, List of ICD-9 codes - neoplasms of uncertain behavior 235-238, List of ICD-9 codes - neoplasms of unspecified nature 239-239, List of ICD-9 codes - 3. Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders 240-279, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of thyroid gland 240-246, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of other endocrine glands 250-259, List of ICD-9 codes - nutritional deficiencies 260-269, List of ICD-9 codes - other metabolic and immunity disorders 270-279, List of ICD-9 codes - 4. Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs 280-289, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs 280-289, List of ICD-9 codes - 5. Mental disorders 290-319, List of ICD-9 codes - psychoses 290-299, List of ICD-9 codes - organic psychotic conditions 290-294, List of ICD-9 codes - other psychoses 295-299, List of ICD-9 codes - neurotic disorders personality disorders and other nonpsychotic mental disorders 300-316, List of ICD-9 codes - mental retardation 317-319, List of ICD-9 codes - 6. Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs 320-389, List of ICD-9 codes - inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 320-326, List of ICD-9 codes - hereditary and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system 330-337, List of ICD-9 codes - other disorders of the central nervous system 340-349, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of the peripheral nervous system 350-359, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of the eye and adnexa 360-379, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of the ear and mastoid process 380-389, List of ICD-9 codes - 7. Diseases of the circulatory system 390-459, List of ICD-9 codes - acute rheumatic fever 390-392, List of ICD-9 codes - chronic rheumatic heart disease 393-398, List of ICD-9 codes - hypertensive disease 401-405, List of ICD-9 codes - ischemic heart disease 410-414, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of pulmonary circulation 415-417, List of ICD-9 codes - other forms of heart disease 420-429, List of ICD-9 codes - cerebrovascular disease 430-438, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of arteries arterioles and capillaries 440-448, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of veins and lymphatics and other diseases of circulatory system 451-459, List of ICD-9 codes - 8. Diseases of the respiratory system 460-519, List of ICD-9 codes - acute respiratory infections 460-466, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of the upper respiratory tract 470-478, List of ICD-9 codes - pneumonia and influenza 480-487, List of ICD-9 codes - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions 490-496, List of ICD-9 codes - pneumoconioses and other lung diseases due to external agents 500-508, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of respiratory system 510-519, List of ICD-9 codes - 9. Diseases of the digestive system 520-579, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws 520-529, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of esophagus stomach and duodenum 530-537, List of ICD-9 codes - appendicitis 540-543, List of ICD-9 codes - hernia of abdominal cavity 550-553, List of ICD-9 codes - noninfectious enteritis and colitis 555-558, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of intestines and peritoneum 560-569, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of digestive system 570-579, List of ICD-9 codes - 10. Diseases of the genitourinary system 580-629, List of ICD-9 codes - nephritis nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis 580-589, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of urinary system 590-599, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of male genital organs 600-608, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of breast 610-611, List of ICD-9 codes - inflammatory disease of female pelvic organs 614-616, List of ICD-9 codes - other disorders of female genital tract 617-629, List of ICD-9 codes - 11. Complications of pregnancy childbirth and the puerperium 630-676, List of ICD-9 codes - ectopic and molar pregnancy 630-633, List of ICD-9 codes - other pregnancy with abortive outcome 634-639, List of ICD-9 codes - complications mainly related to pregnancy 640-648, List of ICD-9 codes - normal delivery and other indications for care in pregnancy labor and delivery 650-659, List of ICD-9 codes - complications occurring mainly in the course of labor and delivery 660-669, List of ICD-9 codes - complications of the puerperium 670-676, List of ICD-9 codes - 12. Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue 680-709, List of ICD-9 codes - infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue 680-686, List of ICD-9 codes - other inflammatory conditions of skin and subcutaneous tissue 690-698, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue 700-709, List of ICD-9 codes - 13. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 710-739, List of ICD-9 codes - arthropathies and related disorders 710-719, List of ICD-9 codes - dorsopathies 720-724, List of ICD-9 codes - rheumatism excluding the back 725-729, List of ICD-9 codes - osteopathies chondropathies and acquired musculoskeletal deformities 730-739, List of ICD-9 codes - 14. Congenital anomalies 740-759, List of ICD-9 codes - congenital anomalies 740-759, List of ICD-9 codes - 15. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 760-779, List of ICD-9 codes - maternal causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality 760-763, List of ICD-9 codes - other conditions originating in the perinatal period 764-779, List of ICD-9 codes - 16. Symptoms signs and ill-defined conditions 780-799, List of ICD-9 codes - symptoms 780-789, List of ICD-9 codes - nonspecific abnormal findings 790-796, List of ICD-9 codes - ill-defined and unknown causes of morbidity and mortality 797-799, List of ICD-9 codes - 17. Injury and poisoning 800-999, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of skull 800-804, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of neck and trunk 805-809, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of upper limb 810-819, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of lower limb 820-829, List of ICD-9 codes - dislocation 830-839, List of ICD-9 codes - sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles 840-848, List of ICD-9 codes - intracranial injury excluding those with skull fracture 850-854, List of ICD-9 codes - internal injury of thorax abdomen and pelvis 860-869, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound of head neck and trunk 870-879, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound 870-897, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound of upper limb 880-887, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound of lower limb 890-897, List of ICD-9 codes - injury to blood vessels 900-904, List of ICD-9 codes - late effects of injuries poisonings toxic effects and other external causes 905-909, List of ICD-9 codes - superficial injury 910-919, List of ICD-9 codes - contusion with intact skin surface 920-924, List of ICD-9 codes - crushing injury 925-929, List of ICD-9 codes - effects of foreign body entering through orifice 930-939, List of ICD-9 codes - burns 940-949, List of ICD-9 codes - injury to nerves and spinal cord 950-957, List of ICD-9 codes - certain traumatic complications and unspecified injuries 958-959, List of ICD-9 codes - poisoning by drugs medicinal and biological substances 960-979, List of ICD-9 codes - toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source 980-989, List of ICD-9 codes - other and unspecified effects of external causes 990-995, List of ICD-9 codes - complications of surgical and medical care not elsewhere classified 996-999, List of ICD-9 codes - E section -- External causes of injury, List of ICD-9 codes - V codes -- Supplementary classification of factors influencing health status and contact with health services

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Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (L.: Ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 metal. Iron is notable for being the final element produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, and thus the heaviest element which does not require a supernova or similarly cataclysmic event for its formation. It is therefore the most abundant heavy metal in the universe. Iron - Notable characteristics. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant element ...

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Iron - Notable characteristics Iron - Applications Iron - History Iron - Occurrence Iron - Extraction from ore Iron - Compounds Iron - Biological role Iron - Isotopes Iron - Precautions

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Anemia of chronic disease is often a mild normocytic anemia, but can sometimes be more severe, and can sometimes be a microcytic anemia; thus, it often closely resembles iron-deficiency anemia. Indeed, many people with chronic disease can also be genuinely iron deficient, and the combination of the two causes of anemia can produce a more severe anemia. As with iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease is a problem of red cell production. Therefore, both conditions reveal reticulocyte production that is too ...

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Anemia of chronic disease, Anemia of chronic disease - Diagnosis, Anemia of chronic disease - Treatment

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The first signs of use of iron come from the Sumerians and the Egyptians, where around 4000 BC, a few items, such as the tips of spears, daggers and ornaments, were being fashioned from iron recovered from meteorites. Because meteorites fall from the sky some linguists have conjectured that the English word iron (OE īsern), which has cognates in many northern and western European languages, derives from the Etruscan a ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Iron deficiency (or "sideropenia") is the most common known form of nutritional deficiency. In the human body, iron is present in all cells and has several vital functions -- as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from the lungs in the form of hemoglobin, as a facilitator of oxygen use and storage in the muscles as myoglobin, as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues. Too little iron can interfere with t ...

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Iron deficiency medicine, Iron deficiency medicine - Introduction, Iron deficiency medicine - Causes, Iron deficiency medicine - Symptoms, Iron deficiency medicine - Likely lab test results in people with iron deficiency, Iron deficiency medicine - Consequences, Iron deficiency medicine - Treatment

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The first signs of use of iron come from the Sumerians and the Egyptians, where around 4000 BC, a few items, such as the tips of spears, daggers and ornaments, were being fashioned from iron recovered from meteorites. Because meteorites fall from the sky some linguists have conjectured that the English word iron (OE īsern), which has cognates in many northern and western European languages, derives from the Etruscan a ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Iron is also one of the least reactive metals, and therefore, it ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Common oxidation states of iron include: the Iron(-II) state, Fe2- (e.g. Fe(CO)42-,Fe(CO)2(NO)2. the Iron(0) state, Fe(CO)5, Fe(PF3)5. the Iron(I) state, [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+. the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ferrous is very common. the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ferric, is also very common, for exam ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Naturally occurring iron consists of four isotopes: 5.845% of radioactive 54Fe (half-life: >3.1E22 years), 91.754% of stable 56Fe, 2.119% of stable 57Fe and 0.282% of stable 58Fe. 60Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life (1.5 million years). Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (i.e., mete ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacteria. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by a carbothermic reaction (reduction with carbon) in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

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Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by a carbothermic reaction (reduction with carbon) in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Iron is also one of the least reactive metals, and therefore, it ...

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Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

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