Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiol ...

Including:

• Physiology - History
• Physiology - Areas of physiology
• Physiology - Human and animal
• Physiology - Plant

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See also:

Anatomy, Anatomy - Animal anatomy, Anatomy - Human anatomy, Anatomy - Major body systems, Anatomy - Organs, Anatomy - Bones in the human skeleton, Anatomy - Glands, Anatomy - Tissues, Anatomy - Externally visible parts of the human body, Anatomy - Other anatomic terms not classified

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Suberin is highly hydrophobic and its main function is to prevent water from penetrating the tissue. In roots suberin is deposited in the radial and transverse cell walls of the endodermal cells. This structure is known as the Casparian band or Casparian strip. The function of this structure is to prevent water and nutrients taken up by the root entering the stele via the apoplast. Instead, water must traverse the endodermis through the symplast. This allows plant to se ...

See also:

Suberin, Suberin - Anatomy and physiology, Suberin - Structure and biosynthesis

Read more here: » Suberin: Encyclopedia II - Suberin - Anatomy and physiology

Humans or human beings define themselves in biological, social, and spiritual terms. Biologically, humans are classified as the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for "wise man" or "thinking man"): a bipedal primate of the superfamily Hominoidea, together with the other apes: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons. Humans have an erect body carriage that frees their upper limbs for manipulating objects and a highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, speech, language, and ...

Including:

• Human - Terminology
• Human - Biology
• Human - Anatomy and physiology
• Human - Life cycle
• Human - Genetics
• Human - Race and ethnicity
• Human - Habitat
• Human - Population
• Human - Human evolution
• Human - Intelligence
• Human - Culture
• Human - Origins
• Human - Language
• Human - Music
• Human - Emotion and sexuality
• Human - Body image
• Human - Trade and economics
• Human - Artifacts technology and science
• Human - Mind
• Human - Psychology and human ethology
• Human - Philosophy
• Human - Motivation
• Human - Self-reflection and humanism
• Human - Spirit

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Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν anatemnein, to cut up, cut open), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things. It can be divided into animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). Major branches of anatomy include comparative anatomy, histology, and human anatomy. Anatomy - Animal anatomy. Including:

• Anatomy - Animal anatomy
• Anatomy - Human anatomy
• Anatomy - Major body systems
• Anatomy - Organs
• Anatomy - Bones in the human skeleton
• Anatomy - Glands
• Anatomy - Tissues
• Anatomy - Externally visible parts of the human body
• Anatomy - Other anatomic terms not classified

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The Anatomy of Melancholy (Full title The Anatomy of Melancholy, What it is: With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Several Cures of it. In Three Maine Partitions with their several Sections, Members, and Subsections. Philosophically, Historically, Opened and Cut up.) by Robert Burton appeared in 1621. At the outset, then, Burton proposes to give us a medical textbook. And in large measure, that is what it is: Burton applies his large and varied learning in the Scholastic manner to the subject o ...

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Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of organisms). Two major concepts of comparative anatomy are: Homologous structures - structures (body parts/anatomy) which are similar in different species because the species have common descent. They may or may not perform the same function. An example is the forelimb structure shared by cats and whales. Analogous structures - structures ...

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Northrop Frye's Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton University Press, 1957) attempts to formulate an overall view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism derived exclusively from literature. Frye consciously omits all specific and practical criticism, instead offering classically-inspired theories of modes, symbols, myths and genres, in what he termed "an interconnected group of suggestions," which informed a work that was highly influential in the decades before deconst ...

Including:

• Anatomy of Criticism - Polemical Introduction
• Anatomy of Criticism - First essay - Historical Criticism: Theory of Modes
• Anatomy of Criticism - Second essay - Ethical Criticism: Theory of Symbols
• Anatomy of Criticism - Third essay - Archetypal Criticism: Theory of Myths
• Anatomy of Criticism - Fourth essay - Rhetorical Criticism: Theory of Genres
• Anatomy of Criticism - Miscellaneous

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The lens or crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to focus on the retina. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is approximately 15 dioptres, roughly one-fourth of the eye's total power. The lens is flexible and its curvature is controlled by ciliary muscles. By changing the curvature of the lens, one can focus the eye on objects at different dis ...

Including:

• Lens anatomy - Diseases

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Human sexuality refers to the expression of sexual sensation and related intimacy between human beings, as well as the expression of identity through sex and as influenced by or based on sex. There are a great many forms of human sexuality. The sexuality of human beings comprises a broad range of behavior and processes, including the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, and spiritual or religious aspects of sex and human sexual behavior. Philosophy, particularly ethics and the study of morality, as well as theolo ...

Including:

• Human sexuality - Physiological aspects
• Human sexuality - Social aspects
• Human sexuality - Society and politics
• Human sexuality - Sex education
• Human sexuality - Cultural and psychiatric aspects
• Human sexuality - Documentary Films
• Human sexuality - Study of sexuality
• Human sexuality - Topics in human sexuality

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In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria) is the blood collection chamber of a heart. It has a thin-walled structure that allows blood to return to the heart. There is at least one atrium in an animal with a closed circulatory system. In fish, the circulatory system is very simple: a two-chambered heart including one atrium and one ventricle. In vertebrate groups that evolved later, the circulatory system is much more complicated. Their circulatory systems are divided into two types: a three-chambered heart, with two atria ...

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Wolf weight and size tend to increase proportionally with worldly latitude, with height varying between 0.6 and 0.9 meters (24 to 35 inches) at the shoulder, and weight typically ranging from 30–55 kg (65-120 pounds), making wolves the largest among all wild canids. Males average about 45 kg (100 pounds), while females, generally speaking, weigh around twenty percent less. Extremes have been recorded from 20 to 80 kg (44 to 175 pounds). Wolves measure between 1 and 1.5 meters (39 to 59 inches) from nose to tail tip, with the tail itself consistin ...

See also:

Gray Wolf, Gray Wolf - Anatomy & Physiology, Gray Wolf - Social structure, Gray Wolf - Packs, Gray Wolf - Rank order, Gray Wolf - Body language, Gray Wolf - Howling, Gray Wolf - Hunting, Gray Wolf - Reproduction and mortality, Gray Wolf - Past human perceptions of wolves, Gray Wolf - Changing attitudes, Gray Wolf - Reintroduction, Gray Wolf - Wolves in religion and folklore, Gray Wolf - Wolf hunting, Gray Wolf - Livestock predation, Gray Wolf - Trapping and breeding for fur, Gray Wolf - Taxonomy, Gray Wolf - Classification and relation to the dog, Gray Wolf - Subspecies of the wolf, Gray Wolf - Media

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Wolf weight and size tend to increase proportionally with worldly latitude, with height varying between 0.6 and 0.9 meters (24 to 35 inches) at the shoulder, and weight typically ranging from 30–55 kg (65-120 pounds), making wolves the largest among all wild canids. Males average about 45 kg (100 pounds), while females, generally speaking, weigh around twenty percent less. Extremes have been recorded from 9.1 to 79.5 kg (20 to 175 pounds). The American record was in Alaska of approximately 176 pounds (80 kg), the Canadian record was 174 po ...

See also:

Gray Wolf, Gray Wolf - Anatomy & Physiology, Gray Wolf - Social structure, Gray Wolf - Packs, Gray Wolf - Rank order, Gray Wolf - Body language, Gray Wolf - Howling, Gray Wolf - Hunting, Gray Wolf - Reproduction and mortality, Gray Wolf - Past human perceptions of wolves, Gray Wolf - Changing attitudes, Gray Wolf - Reintroduction, Gray Wolf - Wolves in religion and folklore, Gray Wolf - Wolf hunting, Gray Wolf - Livestock predation, Gray Wolf - Trapping and breeding for fur, Gray Wolf - Taxonomy, Gray Wolf - Classification and relation to the dog, Gray Wolf - Subspecies of the wolf, Gray Wolf - Media

Read more here: » Gray Wolf: Encyclopedia II - Gray Wolf - Anatomy & Physiology

Wolf weight and size tend to increase proportionally with worldly latitude, with height varying between 0.6 and 0.9 meters (24 to 35 inches) at the shoulder, and weight typically ranging from 30–55 kg (65-120 pounds), making wolves the largest among all wild canids. Males average about 45 kg (100 pounds), while females, generally speaking, weigh around twenty percent less. Extremes have been recorded from 9 to 86 kg (20 to 190 pounds). Wolves measure between 1 and 1.5 meters (39 to 59 inches) from nose to tail tip, with the tail itself consistin ...

See also:

Gray Wolf, Gray Wolf - Anatomy & Physiology, Gray Wolf - Social structure, Gray Wolf - Packs, Gray Wolf - Rank order, Gray Wolf - Body language, Gray Wolf - Howling, Gray Wolf - Hunting, Gray Wolf - Reproduction and mortality, Gray Wolf - Past human perceptions of wolves, Gray Wolf - Changing attitudes, Gray Wolf - Reintroduction, Gray Wolf - Wolves in religion and folklore, Gray Wolf - Wolf hunting, Gray Wolf - Livestock predation, Gray Wolf - Trapping and breeding for fur, Gray Wolf - Taxonomy, Gray Wolf - Classification and relation to the dog, Gray Wolf - Subspecies of the wolf, Gray Wolf - Media

Read more here: » Gray Wolf: Encyclopedia II - Gray Wolf - Anatomy & Physiology

Motoneurons of both the somatic and autonomic nervous system (ANS) originate in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord. Somatic fibers innervate skeletal muscle while autonomic fibers innervate cardiac muscle of the heart and smooth muscle of the visceral organs and glands. In the somatic nervous system, the pathway of a motoneuron from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle fiber is composed of a single motoneuron. By contrast, the analogous pathway in the ANS is composed of two motoneurons that synapse in an autonomic ganglion. Motoneurons of the ANS are thus called preganglionic and postganglionic de ...

See also:

Motoneuron, Motoneuron - Anatomy and physiology, Motoneuron - Function, Motoneuron - Somatic motoneurons, Motoneuron - Motor units

Read more here: » Motoneuron: Encyclopedia II - Motoneuron - Anatomy and physiology

Cardiology - Basic anatomy Structure of the heart. Epicardium Pericardium Myocardium Papillary muscle Endocardium Coronary circulation (Blood supply of the heart) Heart valves Cardiology - Circulatory system Blood supply of the body. Cardiac output Heart rate Vascular resistance Blood vessels Cardiology - Pulmonary circulation Oxygenation of the blood. < ...

See also:

Cardiology, Cardiology - Anatomy & physiology, Cardiology - Basic anatomy Structure of the heart, Cardiology - Circulatory system Blood supply of the body, Cardiology - Pulmonary circulation Oxygenation of the blood, Cardiology - Cardiac pacemaker Electrical system of the heart, Cardiology - Basic cardiac physiology, Cardiology - Disorders of the coronary circulation, Cardiology - Disorders of the myocardium muscle of the heart, Cardiology - Disorders of the pericardium outer lining of the heart, Cardiology - Disorders of the heart valves, Cardiology - Disorders of the electrical system of the heart Cardiac electrophysiology, Cardiology - Inflammation and infection of the heart, Cardiology - Congenital heart disease, Cardiology - Diseases of blood vessels Vascular diseases, Cardiology - Procedures done for coronary artery disease, Cardiology - Devices used in cardiology, Cardiology - Diagnostic tests and procedures, Cardiology - Cardiac pharmaceutical agents

Read more here: » Cardiology: Encyclopedia II - Cardiology - Anatomy & physiology

The development of modern neurology began in the sixteenth century with Vesalius, who described the anatomy of the brain and much else; he had little notion of function, thinking that it lay mainly in the ventricles. He did not remove the brain from the skull before cutting it. Thomas Willis in 1664, published his Anatomy of the Brain, followed by Cerebral Pathology in 1676. He removed the brain from the cranium, and was able to describe it more clearly, setting forth the circle of Willis – the circle of vessels that enables arterial suppl ...

See also:

History of neurology, History of neurology - Early history, History of neurology - Anatomy and physiology, History of neurology - Microscopy, History of neurology - Diagnostics, History of neurology - Neurosurgery

Read more here: » History of neurology: Encyclopedia II - History of neurology - Anatomy and physiology

The normal adult human brain typically weighs between 1 and 1.5 kg (three pounds) and has an average volume of 1,600 cm³ (98 in³). The male brain has approximately 4% more brain cells and 100 grams more brain tissue than the equivalent female brain. During infancy, adolescence and adulthood, females have a higher brain weight to body weight ratio than males.[1] The mature brain consumes some 20% of the energy used by the body, while the developing b ...

See also:

Human brain, Human brain - Overview, Human brain - Anatomy, Human brain - Function, Human brain - Study of the brain, Human brain - Myths, Human brain - Brain enhancement, Human brain - Comparison of the brain and a computer

Read more here: » Human brain: Encyclopedia II - Human brain - Anatomy

Neck - Bony anatomy: The cervical spine. The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven bony segments, typically referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous disks between each vertebral body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion. Neck - Soft tissue anatomy. In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called "Adam's apple," better marke ...

See also:

Neck, Neck - Anatomy of the human neck, Neck - Bony anatomy: The cervical spine, Neck - Soft tissue anatomy

Read more here: » Neck: Encyclopedia II - Neck - Anatomy of the human neck

Human back - Skeletal structure of the back. The central feature of the human back is the vertebral column, specifically the length from the top of the thoracic vertebrae to the bottom of the lumbar vertebrae, which houses the spinal cord in its spinal canal, and which generally has some curvature that gives shape to the back. The ribcage extends from the spine at the top of the back (with the top of the ribcage corresponding to the T1 vertebra), more than halfway down the length of the back, leaving an area with ...

See also:

Human back, Human back - Anatomy of the back, Human back - Skeletal structure of the back, Human back - Muscles of the back, Human back - Organs of the back, Human back - Surface of the back, Human back - Significance in human society

Read more here: » Human back: Encyclopedia II - Human back - Anatomy of the back