A hormone (from Greek horman - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones (including plants - see article phytohormone). The best-known animal (and human) hormones are those produced by endocrine glands of vertebrate animals, but hormones are produced by nearly every organ system and tissue type in a human or animal body. Hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream (however, some hormones, called ...

Including:

• Hormone - History
• Hormone - Physiology of hormones
• Hormone - Types of hormones
• Hormone - Pharmacology
• Hormone - Important human hormones
• Hormone - Amine hormones
• Hormone - Peptide hormones
• Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones
• Hormone - Lipid hormones
• Hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Hormone: Encyclopedia - Hormone

See also:

Hormone, Hormone - History, Hormone - Physiology of hormones, Hormone - Types of hormones, Hormone - Pharmacology, Hormone - Important human hormones, Hormone - Amine hormones, Hormone - Peptide hormones, Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones, Hormone - Lipid hormones, Hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Hormone: Encyclopedia II - Hormone - Physiology of hormones

Most cells are capable of producing one or more, sometimes many, molecules which signal other cells to alter their growth, function, or metabolism. The classical endocrine glands and their hormone products are specialized to serve regulation on the overall organism level, but can often be used in other ways or only on the tissue level. The rate of production of a hormone is often regulated by a homeostatic control system, generally by negative feedback. Homeostatic regulation of hormones depends, apart from produc ...

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Hormone, Hormone - History, Hormone - Physiology of hormones, Hormone - Types of hormones, Hormone - Pharmacology, Hormone - Important human hormones, Hormone - Amine hormones, Hormone - Peptide hormones, Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones, Hormone - Lipid hormones, Hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Hormone: Encyclopedia II - Hormone - Physiology of hormones

The concept of internal secretion developed in the 19th century; Claude Bernard described it in 1855, but did not specifically address the possibility of secretions of one organ acting as messengers to others. Still, various endocrine conditions were recognised and even treated adequately (e.g. hypothyroidism with extract of thyroid glands). The major breakthrough was the identification of secretin, the hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic secretions, by Ernest Starling and William Bayliss in 1902. Previously, t ...

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Hormone, Hormone - History, Hormone - Physiology of hormones, Hormone - Types of hormones, Hormone - Pharmacology, Hormone - Important human hormones, Hormone - Amine hormones, Hormone - Peptide hormones, Hormone - Steroid and sterol hormones, Hormone - Lipid hormones, Hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Hormone: Encyclopedia II - Hormone - History

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to save water by concentrating the urine and is also involved in the creation of thirst. It is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology. Antidiuretic hormone - Control. ADH is activated by "water r ...

Including:

• Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology
• Antidiuretic hormone - Control
• Antidiuretic hormone - Actions
• Antidiuretic hormone - Structure and relation to oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone - Pharmacology
• Antidiuretic hormone - Role in disease

Read more here: » Antidiuretic hormone: Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised (from POMC, pre-opiomelanocortin) and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) released by the hypothalamus. ACTH stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also mineralcorticoids and sex steroids (androgens). Together with ACTH the hormones lipotropin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), β-endorphin and met-enkephalin are also release ...

Including:

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Related topics

Read more here: » Adrenocorticotropic hormone: Encyclopedia - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates corticotropic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce ACTH and other biologically active substances (for example β-endorphin). CRH is also synthes ...

Including:

• Corticotropin-releasing hormone - Reference

Read more here: » Corticotropin-releasing hormone: Encyclopedia - Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts in a male embryo. It is named after Johannes Peter Müller. It has also been called Müllerian inhibiting factor (MIF), Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH), and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). Anti-müllerian hormone - Structure. AMH is a protein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin, and a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. It is present in reptiles, bir ...

Including:

• Anti-müllerian hormone - Structure
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Gene
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Embryogensis
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Other Functions
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Pathology
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Research

Read more here: » Anti-müllerian hormone: Encyclopedia - Anti-müllerian hormone

Catecholamines are chemical compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine that act as hormones or neurotransmitters. They are examples of phenethylamines. Catecholamines are soluble, and so they can circulate dissolved in blood. The most abundant catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine. They are produced mainly from the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and a ...

Read more here: » Catecholamine: Encyclopedia - Catecholamine

Bovine somatotropin (bST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a protein hormone that occurs naturally in the pituitary gland of cattle. It is a factor controlling the amount of milk produced by a dairy cow. Bovine somatotropin is naturally in the milk extracted from a cow. Bovine somatotropin - Physiology. Because of protein homology, bovine growth hormone (GH) cross-reacts with the receptors of prolactin and placental lactogen — two hormones that stimulate mammary tissue to produce more milk. ...

Including:

• Bovine somatotropin - Physiology
• Bovine somatotropin - Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin rbST and rBGH
• Bovine somatotropin - Politics
• Bovine somatotropin - External references

Read more here: » Bovine somatotropin: Encyclopedia - Bovine somatotropin

The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary produces and secretes several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. Anterior pituitary - Anatomy and development. The adenohypophysis is a pea-size gland anterior to the neurohypophysis, caudal to the hypothalamus, and sits in the ...

Including:

• Anterior pituitary - Anatomy and development
• Anterior pituitary - Histology
• Anterior pituitary - Physiology
• Anterior pituitary - Major hormones secreted
• Anterior pituitary - Role in disease

Read more here: » Anterior pituitary: Encyclopedia - Anterior pituitary

The endocrine system is a control system of ductless endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant organs. It does not include exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. The field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine. Endocrine system - Physiology. The endocrine s ...

Including:

• Endocrine system - Physiology
• Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted
• Endocrine system - In both sexes:
• Endocrine system - In males only
• Endocrine system - In females only
• Endocrine system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia - Endocrine system

The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in the small, bony cavity (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. Its posterior lobe is connected to a part of the brain called the hypothalamus via the infundibulum (or stalk), giving rise to the tuberoinfundibular pathway. The posterior lobe is thus derived from neural ectoderm while the anterior lobe is derived from oral ectoderm. The anterior pituitary lobe receives releasing hormones from the hypothalamus via a portal vein system. ...

Including:

• Pituitary gland - Functions
• Pituitary gland - External link

Read more here: » Pituitary gland: Encyclopedia - Pituitary gland

Hormone: Chemical messengers produced by the adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries, testes and other glands that have far-reaching effects throughout the body. Hormones regulate everything from growth and tissue repair to metabolism, reproduction and blood pressure.

(See also: Hormone, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Most of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins : Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Thyroid binding prealbumin (TBPA) - this protein is also responsible for the transport of retinol, and so now has the preferred name of transthyretin (TTR) albumin Only a very small fraction of the circulating hormone is free (unbound) - T4 0.03% and T3 0.3%. This free fraction is biologically active, hence measuring concentrations of free thyroid hormon ...

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Thyroid hormone, Thyroid hormone - Circulation, Thyroid hormone - Function, Thyroid hormone - Related diseases, Thyroid hormone - Medical use of thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormone - Structure and production of the thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormone - Effects of thyroxine

Read more here: » Thyroid hormone: Encyclopedia II - Thyroid hormone - Circulation

The identification, purification and later synthesis of growth hormone is associated with Choh Hao Li. The history of GH use, from extraction of GH from human pituitary glands to the limited catastrophe of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease to the expanded use and enormous costs of synthetic GH is outlined in the article on GH treatment. As of 2005, synthetic growth hormones available in the United States (and their manufacturers) included Nutropin (Genentech), Humatrope (Lilly), Genotropin (Pfizer), Norditropin (Novo), and Saizen (Serono). Th ...

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Growth hormone, Growth hormone - Terminology, Growth hormone - Structure and gene of the human GH molecule, Growth hormone - Secretion of GH, Growth hormone - Functions of GH, Growth hormone - Clinical problems: too much and too little, Growth hormone - Growth hormone excess: acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, Growth hormone - Growth hormone deficiencyGHD, Growth hormone - Other GH uses and treatment indications, Growth hormone - Risks of GH treatment, Growth hormone - History, Growth hormone - HGH quackery

Read more here: » Growth hormone: Encyclopedia II - Growth hormone - History

ADH is used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low ADH, as well as for control of bleeding (in some forms of von Willebrand disease) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children. Terlipressin and related analogues are used as vasocontrictors in certain conditions. Vasopressin has also been implicated in playing a positive role in different kinds of memory formation, including delayed reflexes, image, short- and long-term memory, though the mechanism remains unknown. Thus, des ...

See also:

Antidiuretic hormone, Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology, Antidiuretic hormone - Control, Antidiuretic hormone - Actions, Antidiuretic hormone - Structure and relation to oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone - Pharmacology, Antidiuretic hormone - Role in disease

Read more here: » Antidiuretic hormone: Encyclopedia II - Antidiuretic hormone - Pharmacology

In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by producing testosterone, while theca cells in the female ovary respond to LH by producing androgens and estrogens. In females, a LH surge about halfway through the menstrual cycle triggers the onset of ovulation. LH also induces the ovulated follicle to become a corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone. LH levels are normally low durin ...

See also:

Luteinizing hormone, Luteinizing hormone - Structure, Luteinizing hormone - Genes, Luteinizing hormone - Activity, Luteinizing hormone - Deficient LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Excess LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Availability

Read more here: » Luteinizing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Luteinizing hormone - Activity

In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by producing testosterone, while theca cells in the female ovary respond to LH by producing androgens and estrogens. In females, a LH surge about halfway through the menstrual cycle triggers the onset of ovulation. LH also induces the ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone. LH levels are normally low durin ...

See also:

Luteinizing hormone, Luteinizing hormone - Structure, Luteinizing hormone - Genes, Luteinizing hormone - Activity, Luteinizing hormone - Deficient LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Excess LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Availability

Read more here: » Luteinizing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Luteinizing hormone - Activity

The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. Steroid hormones are generally carried in the blood bound to specific carrier proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin or corticosteroid binding globulin. Further conversions and catabolism occurs in the liver, other "peripheral" tissues, and in the target tissues. Because steroids and sterols are lipid soluble, they can diffuse fairly freely from the blood through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm of target cells. In ...

See also:

Steroid hormone, Steroid hormone - Overview, Steroid hormone - Synthesis, Steroid hormone - Principal natural human steroid hormones, Steroid hormone - Synthetic steroids and sterols

Read more here: » Steroid hormone: Encyclopedia II - Steroid hormone - Overview