Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy. The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great. Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology

Definition and meaning of Holy Roman Empire:

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was the loose confederation of German and Italian territories under the authority of an emperor that existed from the ninth or tenth century until 1806.

(Source: Madrid Waddington High School )

Also see these pages:  American History, American History Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western Roman Empire in western Europe, which was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. Charlemagne went on to adopt the title 'Augustus' from earlier Roman times. The name of the Empire, in various languages spoken within its confines: German: Heiliges Römisches Reich ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire

Main article: Holy Roman Empire. History of Germany - Middle Ages. From 772 to 814 king Charlemagne extended the Carolingian empire into northern Italy and the territories of all west Germanic peoples, including the Saxons and the Bajuwari (Bavarians). In 800 Charlemagne's authority in Western Europe was confirmed by his coronation as emperor in Rome. The Holy Roman Empire was established. The Frankish empire was divided into counties, and its frontiers were protected by border Marches. Imperial strongholds (Kaiserpfalzen) became econo ...

See also:

History of Germany, History of Germany - The Germans and the Romans, History of Germany - Holy Roman Empire, History of Germany - Middle Ages, History of Germany - Reformation and Thirty Years War, History of Germany - End of the Holy Roman Empire, History of Germany - German Confederation, History of Germany - Restoration and Revolution, History of Germany - North German Confederation, History of Germany - German Empire, History of Germany - Age of Bismarck, History of Germany - Wilhelminian Era, History of Germany - Weimar Republic, History of Germany - Third Reich, History of Germany - Nazi revolution or 'Seizure of Power', History of Germany - Expansion and defeat, History of Germany - Germany since 1945

Read more here: » History of Germany: Encyclopedia II - History of Germany - Holy Roman Empire

Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmentarised Holy Roman Empire, where many were formally awarded the rank of Reichsfürst ("Prince of the Empire"), granting representation in the Reikstag. They were finally dissolved in most countries by Napoleon Bonaparte, with the downfall of the old Empire and Holy Roman Emperor in 1806. However there were countries outside of French control, such as Austria and Prussia where the institution continued, as well as revivals of prince-bishoprics. < ...

See also:

Prince-Bishop, Prince-Bishop - Holy Roman Empire, Prince-Bishop - In present Germany, Prince-Bishop - In Austria and Switzerland, Prince-Bishop - In present Italy, Prince-Bishop - In the Baltic, Prince-Bishop - In the Low Countries, Prince-Bishop - Elsewhere, Prince-Bishop - Other Habsburg - and/or former Ottoman territories, Prince-Bishop - England, Prince-Bishop - Special cases

Read more here: » Prince-Bishop: Encyclopedia II - Prince-Bishop - Holy Roman Empire

The newcomers merged with the original inhabitants to create three peoples in the Low Countries: the Frisians along the coast, the Saxons in the east and the Franks in the south. The Franks became Christians after their king Clovis I converted in 496. Christianity was introduced in the north after the conquest of Friesland by the Franks. Anglo-Saxon missionaries such as Willibrord, Wulfram and Boniface were active in converting these tribes to Christianity. Boniface was martyred by the Frisians in Dokkum (754). The Saxons in the east were conv ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire

Duke - Germany & The Netherlands / Belgium / Luxembourg. Duke of Brabant (claiming the rank of Archduke) Duke of Gelre (claiming the rank of Archduke) Duke of Bouillon Duke of Lower Lorraine and successors Duke of Swabia Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg Duke - Austria. Austria proper (the former Ostmark, see margrave), Carinthia, Styria, ... came to serve as royal archduchies for the (imperial) Habsburg dynasty; the same goes for the neighbouring (southern) duchy of Krain, now in Slovenia

See also:

Duke, Duke - History, Duke - Royal dukes, Duke - United Kingdom, Duke - France, Duke - Elsewhere, Duke - Addressing Dukes, Duke - Territory of today's France, Duke - Iberian pensinsula, Duke - Portugal, Duke - Spain, Duke - Colonial titles, Duke - Holy Roman Empire, Duke - Germany & The Netherlands / Belgium / Luxembourg, Duke - Austria, Duke - Switzerland, Duke - On the Baltic south coast, Duke - Italy, Duke - Slavonic countries, Duke - Elsewhere, Duke - Equivalents, Duke - China, Duke - Korea, Duke - Vietnam, Duke - Sources and References

Read more here: » Duke: Encyclopedia II - Duke - Holy Roman Empire

The collective term Austrian Crown Jewels or insignia (de: Insignien und Kleinodien) denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the Holy Roman Emperor, and later the Austrian Emperor during the coronation ceremony and at various other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres, orbs, swords, rings, crosses, holy relics, and the royal robes, as well ...

Including:

• Austrian Crown Jewels - The insignia of the Austrian hereditary homage
• Austrian Crown Jewels - The Empire of Austria
• Austrian Crown Jewels - The Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
• Austrian Crown Jewels - The Holy Roman Empire
• Austrian Crown Jewels - The Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece
• Austrian Crown Jewels - The Ecclesiastical Treasury

Read more here: » Austrian Crown Jewels: Encyclopedia - Austrian Crown Jewels

The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians. When used, the term emphasizes on the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III, although this did not actually constitute a new empire because both Charles as well as his ancestors had been rulers of the Frankish realm earlier. Because of this, most historians prefer to use the term "Frankish Kingdoms" or "Frankish Realm" to refer to the area covering parts of today's Germany and France fro ...

Including:

• Carolingian Empire - The Empire during the reign of Charlemagne 800 - 814
• Carolingian Empire - The Empire until the Treaty of Verdun 814 - 843
• Carolingian Empire - The Empire until the first lapse of the Holy Roman Empire 843 - 877
• Carolingian Empire - The Empire until the death of Charles the Fat 877 - 888

Read more here: » Carolingian Empire: Encyclopedia - Carolingian Empire

Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. The term has come back into fashion since the collapse of the Cold War, which had divided Europe politically into East and West. The region is generally considered to contain (from North to South): Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Slovenia and more rarely Croatia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovi ...

Including:

• Central Europe - Between the Alps and the Baltics
• Central Europe - Culturally Central-European
• Central Europe - Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain
• Central Europe - The new members of the European Union
• Central Europe - Remnants of the Holy Roman Empire

Read more here: » Central Europe: Encyclopedia - Central Europe

The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The capital is the city of Vienna. Since January 1st, 2006, the seat of the Presidency of the EU has been in Vienna, where Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel assumes leade ...

Including:

• Austria - Origin and history of the name
• Austria - History
• Austria - Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
• Austria - Modern history
• Austria - Politics
• Austria - Subdivisions
• Austria - Geography
• Austria - Climate
• Austria - Economy
• Austria - Demographics
• Austria - Politics concerning ethnic groups Volksgruppenpolitik
• Austria - Religion
• Austria - Culture
• Austria - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Austria: Encyclopedia - Austria

The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). The Papal States comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense before 1870. This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his (unique and more essential) ecclestiastical primacy. The plural is u ...

Including:

• Papal States - Origins
• Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire
• Papal States - The Renaissance
• Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
• Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States
• Papal States - Institutions

Read more here: » Papal States: Encyclopedia - Papal States

A governor is also a device that regulates the speed of a machine. See Governor (device). A governor is a governing official, usually in chief (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state; furthermore the title applies to officials with a similar mandate as representatives of a chartered company which has been granted exercise of sovereignty, even with its own armed forces, in a colonial area, often both colonizing and exploiting, sometimes a major state within the sta ...

Including:

• Governor - Etymology
• Governor - Pre-Roman empires
• Governor - Egypt
• Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond
• Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps
• Governor - Roman empires and legacy
• Governor - In ancient Rome
• Governor - Byzantium
• Governor - Legacy
• Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states
• Governor - Turkish rule
• Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth
• Governor - Colonial style
• Governor - New style
• Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union
• Governor - Other Colonial empires
• Governor - Other modern Asian countries
• Governor - People's Republic of China
• Governor - Philippines
• Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas
• Governor - United States
• Governor - Mexico
• Governor - Brazil
• Governor - South America
• Governor - Other European countries and empires
• Governor - Benelux monarchies
• Governor - France & Napoleon
• Governor - Italy
• Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity
• Governor - Scandinavia
• Governor - Other modern African countries
• Governor - Modern equivalents
• Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia - Governor

The following lists are going to be included into the table above. List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Ecclesiastical orders. The Teutonic Order The Order of St. John List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Livonian territories. Livonian Order (secularized 16th century, to Poland) Archbishopric of Riga in Livonia (secularized in 16th century, to Poland) Bishopric of Dorpat (conquered by Russia in 1558) Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (sold 1560 ...

See also:

List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Key, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Ecclesiastical orders, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Livonian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of Old Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Italian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of New Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Sources and References

Read more here: » List of states in the Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists

Elected King of the Romans in 1486 at the initiative of his father, he also stood at the head of the Holy Roman Empire upon his father's death in 1493. The following year brought French intervention in Italy, inaugurating the prolonged Italian Wars. He joined the Holy League to counter the French. The war only ended with a success of the Empire after his death. Maximilian is possibly best known for leading the 1495 Reichstag at Worms which concluded on the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform), reshaping much of the constitutio ...

See also:

Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Life and reign in the Habsburg hereditary lands, Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Reign in the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Tu felix Austria nube, Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Death and legacy, Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Marriages, Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Children

Read more here: » Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor - Reign in the Holy Roman Empire

Warning: The list is in development, and as yet far from complete. List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Key. The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to. The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag). Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform. Other abbreviations used in the list are:

List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Key, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Grouped lists, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Ecclesiastical orders, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Livonian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of Old Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Italian territories, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Territories of New Princely Families, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Sources and References

Read more here: » List of states in the Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Table of states

1792, before the vast changes inspired by the French Revolutionary incursions into Germany, is a good year to look at and examine the structure of the Empire. The empire was, at this time, divided into several thousand immediate (unmittelbar) territories, but only about three hundred of these had Landeshoheit (the special sort of sovereignty enjoyed by the states of the Empire), and had representation in the Reichstag (Imperial Diet). The Imperial Diet was divided into three so-called collegia - the Council ...

See also:

List of Reichstag participants 1792, List of Reichstag participants 1792 - Structure of the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1792, List of Reichstag participants 1792 - The Council of Electors, List of Reichstag participants 1792 - The Council of Princes, List of Reichstag participants 1792 - The Council of Cities, List of Reichstag participants 1792 - Supplemental lists of the membership of the single-vote colleges mentioned above

Read more here: » List of Reichstag participants 1792: Encyclopedia II - List of Reichstag participants 1792 - Structure of the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1792

While the Holy Roman Empire lasted (formally until 1806), the Reichstag never was a parliament in today's sense; instead, it was the assembly of the various estates that the Empire was comprised of. More precisely, it was the convention of the Reichsstände ("imperial states"), those legal entities that, according to feudal law, had no authority above them besides the king himself (see Holy Roman Empire for details). The precise role and function changed over the centuries, as did the Empire itself, while the states gain ...

See also:

Reichstag institution, Reichstag institution - The Reichstag in the Holy Roman Empire, Reichstag institution - The Reichstag as the German Parliament, Reichstag institution - Collection of Reichstag Records

Read more here: » Reichstag institution: Encyclopedia II - Reichstag institution - The Reichstag in the Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern part of the Carolingian Empire after its division in the Treaty of Verdun of 843, and lasted almost a millennium until its dissolution in 1806. It was never a unitary state; from the beginning it was made up of many ethnicities and languages and would at its height comprise territories ranging from eastern France to northern Italy and western Poland. Its unifying characteristic was its Carolingian heritage and strong religious connotations, it ...

See also:

Military history of Germany, Military history of Germany - Ancient times, Military history of Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843-1806, Military history of Germany - The Napoleonic Wars 1805-1815, Military history of Germany - The making of a united Germany 1815-1871, Military history of Germany - German Empire 1871-1914, Military history of Germany - The First World War 1914-1918, Military history of Germany - The Interwar Period 1918-1939, Military history of Germany - The Second World War 1939-1945, Military history of Germany - The Cold War 1945-1989, Military history of Germany - Military today

Read more here: » Military history of Germany: Encyclopedia II - Military history of Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843-1806

The Imperial Regalia are the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire. After 1438, the Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the House of Habsburg, with only one brief exception. From 1508, after his election, the German King no longer called for the coronation by the Pope either, but considered himself Roman Emperor directly. The crown was probably used for the first time for the coronation of Konrad II., the last time was for Franz II. in 1792. The regalia were normally kept in Nuremberg, and a smaller part in Aachen. However, with Napoleon´s ad ...

See also:

Austrian Crown Jewels, Austrian Crown Jewels - The insignia of the Austrian hereditary homage, Austrian Crown Jewels - The Empire of Austria, Austrian Crown Jewels - The Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure, Austrian Crown Jewels - The Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Crown Jewels - The Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece, Austrian Crown Jewels - The Ecclesiastical Treasury

Read more here: » Austrian Crown Jewels: Encyclopedia II - Austrian Crown Jewels - The Holy Roman Empire