History of Wales

The social changes during the Victorian era were wide-ranging and fundamental, leaving their mark not only upon Britain but upon much of the world which was under Britain's influence during the 19th century. It can even be argued that these changes eclipsed the massive shifts in society during the 20th century; certainly many of the developments of the 20th century have their roots in the 19th. The technology of the Industrial Revolution had a great impact on society. Inventions like John Kay's flying shuttle, the steam engine of James Watt ...

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History of British society, History of British society - Prehistoric society, History of British society - Romans, History of British society - Early medieval society, History of British society - Late medieval society, History of British society - Tudor society, History of British society - Stuart society, History of British society - Georgian society, History of British society - Victorian era, History of British society - Poor rights and votes, History of British society - Links and progress, History of British society - 20th century, History of British society - War and depression, History of British society - Late twentieth century

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Palaeolithic Britain is the period from almost 750,000 years ago until around 10,000 years ago. This huge length of time saw many changes in the environment, encompassing several glacial and interglacial periods which greatly affected human settlement in the region. Providing dating for this distant period of time is difficult and contentious. The inhabitants of the region at this time were bands of hunter-gatherers who roamed all over northern Europe following herds of animals. See also:

Prehistoric Britain, Prehistoric Britain - Preface, Prehistoric Britain - The Palaeolithic, Prehistoric Britain - Lower Palaeolithic, Prehistoric Britain - Middle Palaeolithic, Prehistoric Britain - Upper Palaeolithic, Prehistoric Britain - Mesolithic, Prehistoric Britain - The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, Prehistoric Britain - The Neolithic, Prehistoric Britain - The Bronze Age, Prehistoric Britain - The Iron Age, Prehistoric Britain - Late pre-Roman Iron Age LPRIA, Prehistoric Britain - Bibliography

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It cannot be said exactly where and when the Revival broke out, but perhaps these areas can be identified as crucial locations. 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Ceinewydd New Quay and Blaenannerch. A prominent leader of the Revival was the Methodist preacher of Ceinewydd Joseph Jenkins. During 1903 his heart longed for a spiritual awakening in Wales. It was seen fit to arrange a conference in Ceinewydd under the theme ‘to deepen our loyalty to Christ’. No special blessing came to be during the meetings of the ...

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1904-1905 Welsh Revival, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - The Background, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Paving the way for revival, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Revival begins, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Ceinewydd New Quay and Blaenannerch, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Ammanford, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - North Wales, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Evan Roberts and Casllwchwr, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Role of newspapers, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Reflections on the Revival, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Amazing Grace musical, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Sources, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival - Links

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History of the British constitution - Before the Norman Conquest. The Kingdom of England was formed in the mid 9th Century and what is now recognised as being England came about in 927 when the last of the Heptarchy kingdoms fell under the rule of the English King. Until 1066 England was ruled by monarchs that were elected by the witan, (which means wise). There were various elements of democracy at a local level too. This ended with the Norman conquest. ...

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History of the British constitution, History of the British constitution - Pre-Civil War, History of the British constitution - Before the Norman Conquest, History of the British constitution - The Norman Conquest, History of the British constitution - Henry I, History of the British constitution - The Plantagenates, History of the British constitution - The Tudors, History of the British constitution - James I and VI, History of the British constitution - The Civil War, History of the British constitution - Charles I and the Civil War, History of the British constitution - Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth, History of the British constitution - Richard Cromwell and Charles II, History of the British constitution - Post-Civil War, History of the British constitution - Popular political movements, History of the British constitution - Expansion of the electoral franchise, History of the British constitution - New Labour's Reforms, History of the British constitution - First Term, History of the British constitution - Second Term, History of the British constitution - The Key Documents of the United Kingdom's Constitution

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In European history, marches are border regions between centres of power. In English history, the Welsh Marches refers to the borderlands between England and Wales, and the Scottish Marches to the borderlands between England and Scotland. The term Marcher is used to refer to the Marcher Lords who ruled these areas, among whom one often bore the title Earl of March. The term "marches" is not properly applied within Wales itself, where tribal affiliations traditionally gav ...

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Welsh Marches, Welsh Marches - History, Welsh Marches - External link, Welsh Marches - Source

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The revival's immediate beginnings are usually traced back to the religious conversion of Howell Harris at Talgarth church in 1735. While listening to the Rev. Pryce Davies preaching on the neccesity of partaking of Holy Communion Harris came to the conviction that he had received mercy through the blood of Christ. He began to tell others about this and to hold meetings at his home at Trefeca for these followers. Many consider Griffith Jones (1684–1761), the rector of Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire to have been a forerunner of the Met ...

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Welsh Methodist revival, Welsh Methodist revival - Beginnings, Welsh Methodist revival - A movement, Welsh Methodist revival - A Calvinist movement, Welsh Methodist revival - Welsh Methodists and the Church of England, Welsh Methodist revival - Welsh Methodists and the dissenters, Welsh Methodist revival - Sources, Welsh Methodist revival - Links

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The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised on behalf of the Queen by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up Her Majesty's Government. These ministers are drawn from and are responsible to Parliament, the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be "supreme" (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The UK is one of the few countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution, relying ins ...

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United Kingdom, United Kingdom - History, United Kingdom - Government and politics, United Kingdom - Subdivisions, United Kingdom - Military, United Kingdom - Geography, United Kingdom - Economy, United Kingdom - Society, United Kingdom - Demographics, United Kingdom - Culture, United Kingdom - Sport, United Kingdom - Miscellaneous topics

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The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised on behalf of the Queen by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up Her Majesty's Government. These ministers are drawn from and are responsible to Parliament, the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be "supreme" (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The UK is one of the few countries in ...

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United Kingdom, United Kingdom - History, United Kingdom - Government and politics, United Kingdom - Subdivisions, United Kingdom - Military, United Kingdom - Geography, United Kingdom - Economy, United Kingdom - Society, United Kingdom - Demographics, United Kingdom - Culture, United Kingdom - Sport, United Kingdom - Miscellaneous topics

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Main article: History of Wales Humans first inhabited what is now Wales at the end of the last Ice Age. The first documented history was during the Roman occupation of Britain. At that time the area of modern Wales was divided into many tribes, of which the Silures in the south-east and the Ordovices in the central and north-west areas were the largest and most powerful. The Romans established a string of forts across what is now southern Wales, as far west as Carmarthen (Maridunum), and mined gold at Dolaucothi in Carmarthensh ...

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Wales, Wales - Origin of Name, Wales - History, Wales - Politics, Wales - Law, Wales - Geography, Wales - Subdivisions, Wales - Economy, Wales - Demographics, Wales - Language, Wales - Religion, Wales - Culture, Wales - Food, Wales - Music, Wales - Sport, Wales - Media, Wales - National symbols, Wales - Photos of Wales, Wales - Notable Welsh people

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British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval period. Viking invasions (793–1066) Raid on Lindisfarne (793) Campaign of Alfred the Great (871–899) Battle of Edington (878) Battle of Cannington (878) Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066) Norman Conquest of England (1066) Rebellion of 1088 See also:

British military history, British military history - List of British military encounters, British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period, British military history - Mediæval period, British military history - Early Colonial period, British military history - Colonial Period, British military history - Modern Period, British military history - 21st century, British military history - List of fortifications in Britain, British military history - Roman & ancient, British military history - Mediæval, British military history - 1600s, British military history - Georgian & Victorian, British military history - World War II Stop Lines, British military history - List of British military institutions, British military history - List of British military alliances, British military history - Scottish military alliances, British military history - English military alliances, British military history - British military alliances

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Over the centuries, the history of Owain known to storytellers faded sufficiently that he was incorporated into Welsh Arthurian legend and stories about him spread to continental Europe. Chrétien's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion and the related Mabinogion story Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain are devoted to his exploits, and he appears prominently in the Mabinogion tale The Dream of Rhonabwy and briefly in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. The character is portrayed as an excellent knight in the ...

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Owain mab Urien, Owain mab Urien - The Historical Owain, Owain mab Urien - The Owain of Legend

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Constantius Chlorus returned to Britain in 306, aiming to invade northern Britain. The province's defences had been rebuilt in the preceding years and, although his health was poor, Constantius wished to penetrate far into enemy territory and win a further victory. Little is known of his campaigns and there is little archaeological evidence for them. From fragmentary historical sources it seems he reached the far north of Britain and won a great battle in early ...

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Roman Britain, Roman Britain - Early Roman contacts, Roman Britain - The Roman invasion, Roman Britain - Roman rule is established, Roman Britain - Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland, Roman Britain - Trade and industry, Roman Britain - The third century, Roman Britain - Government of Britannia, Roman Britain - The fourth century, Roman Britain - Town and country, Roman Britain - The end of Roman rule, Roman Britain - Religion, Roman Britain - Sub-Roman Britain, Roman Britain - The legacy

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The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the throne emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. The latter was the new governor of Britain, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant to the purple. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus' support against Pescennius N ...

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Roman Britain, Roman Britain - Early Roman contacts, Roman Britain - The Roman invasion, Roman Britain - Roman rule is established, Roman Britain - Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland, Roman Britain - Trade and industry, Roman Britain - The third century, Roman Britain - Government of Britannia, Roman Britain - The fourth century, Roman Britain - Town and country, Roman Britain - The end of Roman rule, Roman Britain - Religion, Roman Britain - Sub-Roman Britain, Roman Britain - The legacy

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Most of England consists of rolling lowland terrain, divided east from west by more mountainous terrain in the Northwest (Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District) and north (the upland moors of the Pennines) and limestone hills of the Peak District by the Tees-Exe line. The lower limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck, Cotswolds, Lincolnshire and chalk downs of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber Estuary. The largest urban area is Greater London. Near Dover, the Channel Tunnel links the United Kingdom with France. There is no peak in Englan ...

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United Kingdom, United Kingdom - History, United Kingdom - Government and politics, United Kingdom - Subdivisions, United Kingdom - Military, United Kingdom - Geography, United Kingdom - Economy, United Kingdom - Society, United Kingdom - Demographics, United Kingdom - Culture, United Kingdom - Sport, United Kingdom - Miscellaneous topics

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Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate but those like Britain that required permanent garrisons of troops were placed under the Emperor's control. On the ground however imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were former senators who had held the consulship. These men were carefully selected often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a governor's role was primarily military but numerous other tasks were also his responsibil ...

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Roman Britain, Roman Britain - Early Roman contacts, Roman Britain - The Roman invasion, Roman Britain - Roman rule is established, Roman Britain - Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland, Roman Britain - Trade and industry, Roman Britain - The third century, Roman Britain - Government of Britannia, Roman Britain - The fourth century, Roman Britain - Town and country, Roman Britain - The end of Roman rule, Roman Britain - Religion, Roman Britain - Sub-Roman Britain, Roman Britain - The legacy

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By the time of the Roman occupation, Britain's tin exports to the Mediterranean had been largely eclipsed by the more convenient supply from Iberia. Gold, iron, lead, silver, jet, marble and pearls however were all exploited by the Romans in Britain along with more everyday commodities such as hunting dogs, animal skins, timber, wool, corn and slaves. Foreign investment created a vigorous domestic market and imports were often of exotic Continental items such as fine pottery, oliv ...

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Roman Britain, Roman Britain - Early Roman contacts, Roman Britain - The Roman invasion, Roman Britain - Roman rule is established, Roman Britain - Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland, Roman Britain - Trade and industry, Roman Britain - The third century, Roman Britain - Government of Britannia, Roman Britain - The fourth century, Roman Britain - Town and country, Roman Britain - The end of Roman rule, Roman Britain - Religion, Roman Britain - Sub-Roman Britain, Roman Britain - The legacy

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Rhys was the second son of Gruffydd ap Rhys, prince of Deheubarth, and Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd, a sister of Owain Gwynedd. He was probably born in Ireland. Both his parents died when he was around four years old, Gwenllian as a result of leading her husband's army into battle in his absence in 1136, Gruffydd himself on his return. His elder brother was Maredudd ap Gruffydd, and there were two younger brothers, Morgan and Maelgwn. He also had two older half-brothers, Anarawd and Cade ...

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Rhys ap Gruffydd, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early life, Rhys ap Gruffydd - First battles, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early reign, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Peace with King Henry, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Later reign and death, Rhys ap Gruffydd - External link

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After Henry's death in 1189, Rhys was again active, revolting against Richard I and attacking the Norman lords surrounding his territory, capturing the castles of St. Clear's, Laugharne and Llanstephan. In his later years Rhys had trouble keeping control of his sons, particularly Maelgwn and Gruffydd, who maintained a feud with each other. In 1194 Rhys was defeated in battle by Maelgwn and Hywel, who imprisoned him ...

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Rhys ap Gruffydd, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early life, Rhys ap Gruffydd - First battles, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early reign, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Peace with King Henry, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Later reign and death, Rhys ap Gruffydd - External link

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In 1171 Rhys met Henry II at Newnham and came to an agreement with him. Rhys had to pay a tribute but was confirmed in all his conquests. When Henry's sons rebelled against him in 1173 Rhys sent his son Hywel to aid the king, then in 1174 personally led an army to Staffordshire to help extinguish the rebellion. Rhys was named Justiciar of South Wales, and although there were problems with the Marcher lords, relations with Henry remained good. Rhys held a festival of poetry and song at his court at Cardigan over Christmas 1176 which is ...

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Rhys ap Gruffydd, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early life, Rhys ap Gruffydd - First battles, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early reign, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Peace with King Henry, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Later reign and death, Rhys ap Gruffydd - External link

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United Kingdom - Demographics. At the April 2001 census, the United Kingdom's population was 58,789,194, the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France) and the twenty-first largest in the world. Its overall population density is one of the highest in the world. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's prosperous south-east and is predominantly urban and suburban--with about 7.2 million in the capital of London. The United Kingdom's high literacy rate (99%) is attributable to univ ...

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United Kingdom, United Kingdom - History, United Kingdom - Government and politics, United Kingdom - Subdivisions, United Kingdom - Military, United Kingdom - Geography, United Kingdom - Economy, United Kingdom - Society, United Kingdom - Demographics, United Kingdom - Culture, United Kingdom - Sport, United Kingdom - Miscellaneous topics

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For the first twenty years, the Roman rule was oppressive, and this treatment led Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni, to revolt. The Trinovantes and Catuvellauni joined, and the alliance assaulted the Roman colony at Camulodunum, looting and burning the town as well as slaying every man, woman and child they found. The governor Suetonius Paullinus, upon reaching London from his campaigning in the western part of the province, found the town indefensible with the few troops he had. As a result, Paullinus was forced to abandon the city and took only ...

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Roman Britain, Roman Britain - Early Roman contacts, Roman Britain - The Roman invasion, Roman Britain - Roman rule is established, Roman Britain - Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland, Roman Britain - Trade and industry, Roman Britain - The third century, Roman Britain - Government of Britannia, Roman Britain - The fourth century, Roman Britain - Town and country, Roman Britain - The end of Roman rule, Roman Britain - Religion, Roman Britain - Sub-Roman Britain, Roman Britain - The legacy

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Anarawd's brother Cadell ap Gruffydd now took over as head of the family. In 1146 Rhys is recorded fighting alongside his brothers Cadell and Maredudd in the capture by assault of the castle of Llanstephan, followed by further attacks on the Normans in south Wales and the recapture of Ceredigion from Gwynedd in 1153. In 1151 Cadell had suffered injuries which left him unable to play an active role, and in 1153 he left on a pilgrimage to Rome. Maredudd died in 1155 leavi ...

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Rhys ap Gruffydd, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early life, Rhys ap Gruffydd - First battles, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early reign, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Peace with King Henry, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Later reign and death, Rhys ap Gruffydd - External link

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