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History of Ukraine | A Wisdom Archive on History of Ukraine | | History of Ukraine A selection of articles related to History of Ukraine | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO History of Ukraine | | | | |  History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Imperial RussiaMain article: Imperial Russia
History of Russia - Peter the Great.
Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), consolidated autocracy in Russia and played a major role in bringing his country into the European state system. From its modest beginnings in the 14th century principality of Moscow, Russia had become the largest state in the world by Peter's time. Three times the size of Europe, it spanned the Eurasian landmass from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Much of its expansion had taken place in the 1 ...
See also:History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Imperial Russia |
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| | | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Magyarization - Magyarization in the Austrian Empire and in Austria-Hungary The term Magyarization is usually used in regards to the national policies implemented by the government of the Kingdom of Hungary, which was part of the Habsburg Empire. The onset of this process dates to the late 18th century and was intensified after the Ausgleich in 1867, which increased the autonomy of the Hungarian government within Austria-Hungary.
The Kingdom of Hungary (also called Transleithania) was a multi-ethnic country inhabited by Magyars, Germans, Slovaks, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenians, Rusyns, Jews, Roma and oth ...
See also:Magyarization, Magyarization - Magyarization in the Austrian Empire and in Austria-Hungary, Magyarization - Notes Read more here: » Magyarization: Encyclopedia II - Magyarization - Magyarization in the Austrian Empire and in Austria-Hungary |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania Nevertheless, Algirdas not only succeeded in holding his own, but acquired influence and territory at the expense of 1:0 to Muscovy and the Tatars, and extended the borders of Lithuania to the shores of the Black Sea. The principal efforts of this eminent empire-maker were directed to securing those of the Slavonic lands which had formed part of the ancient Kievan Rus. He procured the election of his son Andrew as prince of Pskov, and a powerful minority of the citizens of the republic of Novgorod held the balance in his favor against the Muscovite influence, but his ascendancy in both t ...
See also:Algirdas, Algirdas - Background, Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania, Algirdas - Assessment, Algirdas - Mother, Algirdas - Father, Algirdas - Wives, Algirdas - Brothers, Algirdas - Sisters, Algirdas - Sons, Algirdas - Daughters Read more here: » Algirdas: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years In 1432, however, Zygimantas of Starodub raised a rebellion and, supported by ethnic Lithuanians and Poles, overran much of the Grand Duchy. Svitrigaila, constrained to leave the Lithuanian capital for Vitebsk, was thoroughly defeated near the Svyataya River in 1435. Despite continued support from Ruthenians in Kiev, Podolia, and Volhynia, he fled to Krakow, sueing for peace. After his proposals were dismissed, Svitrigaila had to leave the country for ignominious exile in Wa ...
See also:Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Assessment Unlike his descendants, Algirdas wisely vacillated between Muscovy and Poland, spoke amongst others the Ruthenian language, and was more inclined to follow the majority of his pagan and Orthodox subjects rather than to alienate them by promoting Roman Catholicism. There are no evidences that he was baptised at all. His son Jagiello, however, ascended the Polish throne, and was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Poland for nearly 200 years.
This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, ...
See also:Algirdas, Algirdas - Background, Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania, Algirdas - Assessment, Algirdas - Mother, Algirdas - Father, Algirdas - Wives, Algirdas - Brothers, Algirdas - Sisters, Algirdas - Sons, Algirdas - Daughters Read more here: » Algirdas: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Assessment |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath It is believed that Svitrigaila sympathized with the Russians, being born of a Russian mother (Ulyana of Tver) and married to a princess of Tver. When the war broke out between Vytautas and his Muscovite son-in-law in 1408, Svitrigaila cast his lot with the latter, surrendering all the Severian towns to the Russian army and defecting to Moscow.
During his brief stay in Muscovy, Svitrigaila was rewarded with Volokolamsk and several other towns and put in charge of the Russian army operating against Vytautas. Lacking any military talent, he failed to win a single battle and, on hearing about the ...
See also:Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages By the 14th century, the state of Rus had disintegrated into loosely united principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic in the north fell under Mongol influence. Later, one of the daughter-principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, the Moscow principality took control of most of the northern principalities of Rus, and continued the use of the word, "Rus'," to cover the expanded state. Being an Orthodox Christian country, it had few contacts with the Pope and therefore did rarely use the term Ruthenia. Natives used other forms of the name Rus derivatives of word Rus for their country, and some of th ...
See also:Ruthenia, Ruthenia - Early Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Modern age, Ruthenia - Belarusians, Ruthenia - Ukrainians, Ruthenia - Places, Ruthenia - People, Ruthenia - Language, Ruthenia - Reference Read more here: » Ruthenia: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - Language structure
Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar.
Old East Slavic (and Russian) o in many cases corresponds to Ukrainian i, as in pod->pid "under". The historical o is sometimes restored in certain declensions of Ukrainian words, such as rik (nom): rotsi (loc) "year". Also, the letter Г renders different consonants in Old East Slavic and Ukrainian, see language notes in Cyrillic alphabet. Ukrainian Г is the voiced cognate of Old East Slavic Х (an ...
See also:Ukrainian language, Ukrainian language - History, Ukrainian language - Perspective, Ukrainian language - Origin, Ukrainian language - Ancient history, Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia, Ukrainian language - Under Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary, Ukrainian language - Soviet era, Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era, Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature, Ukrainian language - Current usage, Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian, Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population, Ukrainian language - Language structure, Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar, Ukrainian language - Phonetics, Ukrainian language - Alphabet Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - Language structure |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenia - Modern age
Ruthenia - Belarusians.
The Belarusians often called themselves "Litvins" because they lived in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the name "Ruthenians" was not always applied to them.
A notable exception occurred shortly after World War II, in relation to Belarusians from the Kresy region of pre-WWII Poland who found themselves in displaced persons camps in the Western occupation zones of the post-war Germany. At that time the notion of a Belarusian nation met with little recognition in the West. Therefore ...
See also:Ruthenia, Ruthenia - Early Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Modern age, Ruthenia - Belarusians, Ruthenia - Ukrainians, Ruthenia - Places, Ruthenia - People, Ruthenia - Language, Ruthenia - Reference Read more here: » Ruthenia: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenia - Modern age |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas Svitrigaila was baptized by his father Algirdas into Eastern Orthodoxy. At the age of 11, he (together with his brother Jagiello) was converted in Krakow into Roman Catholicism and changed his first name from Lev to Boleslaw.
At that time, the town of Polotsk was the capital of his lands. In 1392, however, Svitrigaila made an ill-fated attempt to seize neighbouring Vitebsk, but was ousted by his cousin Vytautas of Lithuania to Prussia.
While living abroad, Svitrigaila sided with the Teutonic Knights in their prolonged struggle ...
See also:Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into three stages: old Ukrainian (twelfth to fourteenth centuries), middle Ukrainian (fourteenth to eighteenth centuries), and modern Ukrainian (end of the eighteenth century to the present). Much literature was written in the periods of the old and middle Ukrainian language, including legal acts, polemical articles, science treatises and fiction of all sorts.
Influential literary figures in the development of modern Ukrainian literatu ...
See also:Ukrainian language, Ukrainian language - History, Ukrainian language - Perspective, Ukrainian language - Origin, Ukrainian language - Ancient history, Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia, Ukrainian language - Under Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary, Ukrainian language - Soviet era, Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era, Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature, Ukrainian language - Current usage, Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian, Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population, Ukrainian language - Language structure, Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar, Ukrainian language - Phonetics, Ukrainian language - Alphabet Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - Current usage The Ukrainian language is currently emerging from a long period of decline. Although there are almost fifty million ethnic Ukrainians worldwide, including 37.5 million in Ukraine (77.8% of the total population), only in western Ukraine is the Ukrainian language prevalent. In Kiev, both languages are spoken, a notable shift from the recent past when the city was primarily Russian speaking. The shift is caused, largely, by an influx of the rural population and migrants from the western regions of Ukraine but also by some Kievans' turning to us ...
See also:Ukrainian language, Ukrainian language - History, Ukrainian language - Perspective, Ukrainian language - Origin, Ukrainian language - Ancient history, Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia, Ukrainian language - Under Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary, Ukrainian language - Soviet era, Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era, Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature, Ukrainian language - Current usage, Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian, Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population, Ukrainian language - Language structure, Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar, Ukrainian language - Phonetics, Ukrainian language - Alphabet Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - Current usage |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania Upon Vytautas's death in 1430, Svitrigaila immediately pressed his claim to the throne. He was supported by the Ruthenian and Orthodox population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, while the Lithuanian and Catholic population advanced Zygimantas Kestutaitis as a rival candidate. At last Svitrigaila prevailed over his rivals, and was crowned the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius.
Svitrigaila started his reign by proclaiming full independence of the Grand Duchy from Poland and granting important privileges to his Orthodox subjects. That ...
See also:Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Etymology and spelling The word tsar is derived from the Latin title Caesar by way of the Old Slavonic tsesar (цесарь). The word is cognate with German Kaiser, Gothic káisar, Dutch keizer, Danish kejser, Swedish kejsare, and Norwegian keiser. The contraction of цесарь into царь occurred by the way of shorthand writing of titles in old Slavonic church manuscripts, see Titlo article. One may see the examples of this, e.g., in th ...
See also:Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Metaphorical uses, Tsar - Sources and References Read more here: » Tsar: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Etymology and spelling |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Revolution Main article: Russian Revolution of 1917
Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism, with the defense of Russia's fellow Orthodox Slavs, the Serbs, as the main battle cry. In August 1914, the Russian army entered Germany to support the French armies. However, the weaknesses of the Russian economy and the inefficiency and corruption in government were hidden only for a brief period under a cloak of fervent nationalism. Military reversals and the government's incompetence soon soured much ...
See also:History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Revolution |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Metaphorical uses Like many lofty titles, e.g. moghol, Tsar or Czar has been used as a metaphore for positions of high authority, in English since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since Autocrat was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the Czar').
However this use is not limited to statesmen, e.g. 'drug tsar' for the head of ...
See also:Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Metaphorical uses, Tsar - Sources and References Read more here: » Tsar: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Metaphorical uses |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Civil War Main article: Russian Civil War
A powerful group of counterrevolutionaries termed the White movement began to organize to topple the Bolsheviks. At the same time the Allied powers sent several expeditionary armies to Russia to support the anti-Communist forces. The Allies feared that the Bolsheviks were in a conspiracy with the Germans because of Brest-Litovsk; they also hoped that the White Russians might renew hostilities against Germany. In the fall of 1918 the Bolshevik regime was in a perilous position, opposed by Russia's ...
See also:History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Civil War |
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| | | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Muscovy Main article: Muscovy
History of Russia - The rise of Moscow.
Daniil Aleksandrovich, the youngest son of Nevski, founded the principality of Muscovy based in the city of Moscow, which eventually expelled the Tartars from Russia. Well-situated in the central river system of Russia and surrounded by protective forests and marshes, Muscovy was at first only a vassal of Vladimir, but soon it absorbed its parent state. A major factor in the ascendancy of Muscovy was the cooperation of its rulers with the ...
See also:History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Muscovy |
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| | | | | History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary Hungary's government allied itself with Nazi Germany during the Second World War in exchange for assurances that Greater Hungary's borders would be restored. This goal was partially achieved when Hungary expanded its borders into Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement (1938), two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), and aggression against Yugoslavia (1941).
Ethnic Hungarians inhabited parts of the occupied areas, but other areas were mainly inhabited by no ...
See also:Greater Hungary political concept, Greater Hungary political concept - Historical survey, Greater Hungary political concept - Treaty of Trianon, Greater Hungary political concept - After Trianon, Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary, Greater Hungary political concept - Modern era Read more here: » Greater Hungary political concept: Encyclopedia II - Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary |
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