History of Ukraine - Article Index

Encyclopedia - History Of Ukraine: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ukraine - The 20th Century
When World War I and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia shattered the Austrian and Russian empires, Ukrainians were caught in the middle....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mykola Mel'nychenko: Encyclopedia Ii - Mykola Mel'nychenko - The 'cassette Scandal'
In November 28, 2000, Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz publicly accused President Kuchma of involvement in the murder of Gongadze, n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Poland
Western betrayal - First World War aftermath. After the First World War, Poland regained independence after 123 years of partitions. Wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - After The October Revolution 1917-1991
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Pereyaslav: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Pereyaslav - Historical Consequences
Whatever the nature of the treaty, the consequences were more clear over time. Major consequences of the treaty included the separation o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Ruthenia: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Ruthenia - History
Originally it was related to a certain territory between Western Bug and Wieprz rivers. Its Polish name was Ziemia czerwieńska, or "Czer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kievan Rus': Encyclopedia Ii - Kievan Rus' - The Golden Age Of Kiev
The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus′ for the next two centuries. The grand prince (velikiy kniaz') of Kiev controlled ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subdivisions Of Ukraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Subdivisions Of Ukraine - General Scheme Of Administrative Subdivision
Those three types of national-level units are further subdivided into raions (Ukrainian singular: район, raion). Urban settlements (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - After The October Revolution 1917-1991
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leonid Kravchuk: Encyclopedia Ii - Leonid Kravchuk - Political Portrait
Leonid Kravchuk's political creed is avoiding conflicts and straightforward declaration of his position. He is widely considered to be cu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Finland
Contrary to many countries reborn after the World War I, Finland remained neutral and did not enter direct military alliances. The League...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Czechoslovakia
See also: History of Czechoslovakia#Before WWII (1938 – 1939) and later sections Unlike many of its neighbours, Czechoslovakia formed a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - The Collapse Of The Soviet Union And Emigration To Israel
A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing number of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Assimilation Trends
In the Tsarist Russia, assimilation, russification and conversion to the state religion of Orthodox Christianity were official policies. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Demographic Data
The official census data on Jewish population of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union.[15] The number of Jews has fallen from about 2.15 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between The Wars
Starting in 1919, it was the policy of France to construct a cordon sanitaire (security cordon) in Eastern Europe that was designed to ke...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Essays And Articles
Western betrayal - Dictionaries. Betrayal - Wiktionary Betrayal - Cambridge Dictionary Betrayal - Dictionary.com ... See also:Weste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bogdanovka: Encyclopedia - Bogdanovka
Bogdanovka was an extermination camp for Jews that was established by the Romanian authorities during World War II as part of the Holocau...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Early History
Tradition places Jews in southern Russia, Armenia, and Georgia since before the days of the First Temple, and records exist from the four...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia - Tsar
Tsar (Bulgarian and Serbian цар, Russian царь ▶ (help·info)), often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Yugoslavia
At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, a decision was made by the Allies to cease their support of the Royalist Chetniks, and switch ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukraine: Encyclopedia - Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukraˈjina/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the northeast, Belarus t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language
Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinsʲka ˈmɔva]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Spain
A similar feeling occurred among the supporters of the Second Spanish Republic. During the Spanish Civil War, the democratic countries ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Jews In Russia Today
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life. Since the dissolution of the USSR, democratization in the former USSR...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Jews And Bolshevism
Many members of the Bolshevik party were ethnically Jewish, especially in the leadership of the party, and the percentage of Jewish party...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kievan Rus': Encyclopedia Ii - Kievan Rus' - Early History Of Kievan Rus′
According to the Primary Chronicle, the earliest chronicle of Kievan Rus′, a Varangian (Viking) named Rurik first established himself i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subdivisions Of Ukraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Subdivisions Of Ukraine - Oblasts
Most of Ukraine's oblasts (provinces) are named after their capital cities, officially called "centers" (Ukrainian singular: обласн...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Assimilation Trends
In the Tsarist Russia, assimilation, russification and conversion to the state religion of Orthodox Christianity were official policies. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Jews In Russia Today
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life. Since the dissolution of the USSR, democratization in the former USSR...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917
Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jews in Muscovite Russia is first found in the chronicles of 1471. The relatively small popula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Jews And Bolshevism
Many members of the Bolshevik party were ethnically Jewish, especially in the leadership of the party, and the percentage of Jewish party...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - The Collapse Of The Soviet Union And Emigration To Israel
A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing number of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subdivisions Of Ukraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Subdivisions Of Ukraine - Administrative Subdivision: Overview
The above-mentioned system reflects Ukraine's status as a unitary state (as stated in the country's constitution) with unified legal and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Demographic Data
The official census data on Jewish population of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union.[15] The number of Jews has fallen from about 2.15 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mykola Mel'nychenko: Encyclopedia Ii - Mykola Mel'nychenko - Events Following The Scandal
After he received asylum, Mel'nychenko's behavior became suspicious. He started to actively interfere with Ukraine's politics and foreign...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kievan Rus': Encyclopedia Ii - Kievan Rus' - Early History Of Rus′
According to the Primary Chronicle, the earliest chronicle of Kievan Rus′, a Varangian (Viking) named Rurik first established himself i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Early History
Tradition places Jews in southern Russia, Armenia, and Georgia since before the days of the First Temple, and records exist from the four...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917
Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jews in Muscovite Russia is first found in the chronicles of 1471. The relatively small popula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mykola Mel'nychenko: Encyclopedia Ii - Mykola Mel'nychenko - Biography
Mykola Mel'nychenko was born in Kyivs'ka oblast' to a family of peasants. He graduated from the Military Academy of Signals and Control i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Ruthenia: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Ruthenia - Administrative Division 14th Century-1772
Red Ruthenia - The Ruthenian Voivodship. Chełm Land (Ziemia Chełmska), Chełm Chełm County, (Powiat Chełmski), Chełm Powiat of K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leonid Kravchuk: Encyclopedia Ii - Leonid Kravchuk - Biography
Kravchuk was born in Velyky Zhytyn (now Volyns'ka oblast'), which was part of Poland at the time of his birth, but became part of Ukraine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kievan Rus': Encyclopedia Ii - Kievan Rus' - The Rise Of Regional Centers
Kievan Rus′ was not able to maintain its position as a powerful and prosperous state, in part because of the amalgamation of disparate ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Russia
In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenia - Early Middle Ages
If the name Ruthenia has any connection to the name Rus, it is in the west generally held to derive from the Varangians whom the early Sl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orange Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Orange Revolution - The Protests
By the dawn of the election day, November 21, 2004, when the scale of alleged fraud started to appear, the Yushchenko team made their pub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russo-turkish Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russo-turkish Wars - The 19th Century
Fringe territories were lost to Russia in the north. but more importantly the Empire began to fall behind technologically compared to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hetman: Encyclopedia Ii - Hetman - Hetmans Of Poland And Lithuania
Main article: Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of hetman was g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greater Hungary Political Concept: Encyclopedia Ii - Greater Hungary Political Concept - Historical Survey
An independent Hungarian kingdom was established in approximately 1000 AD, and remained a power in central Europe until Ottoman Turks con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin: Encyclopedia Ii - Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin - Governing Of Novorossiya
Potemkin achieved appreciable success in Russia's newly won southern provinces, in which he was an absolute ruler. He supported a stream ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ukrainian Language - History
Ukrainian language - Perspective. Before the eighteenth century the precursor to the modern Ukrainian language was a vernacular languag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Algirdas: Encyclopedia Ii - Algirdas - Background
Algirdas was one of the seven sons of the famous grand duke Gediminas among whom on his death in 1341 he divided his domains, leaving the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia Ii - Švitrigaila - Relatives
Švitrigaila - Mother. Ulyana of Tver 1350 (ca 1325 – 1392) Švitrigaila - Father. Olgierd (ca 1296 – end of May 1377), Grand ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Russia
In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Ukraine - History
Human settlement in the territory of Ukraine has been documented into distant prehistory. The late neolithic Trypillian culture flourishe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Budjak: Encyclopedia Ii - Budjak - History
In the antiquity, Budjak was inhabited by Dacians, Scythians, Celts, and, on the shores, by Greeks. From the AD 9th to the 12th centuries...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Settlement: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Settlement - Internal Organization
The quartered military forces were being formed from among married soldiers, who had already served in the army for no less than six year...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Taurida: Encyclopedia Ii - Taurida - History
Named for the ancient Tauris, land of the Tauri, Taurida was a part of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century and its successor state, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The Origins
Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The bones of first Europeans are f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Knyaz: Encyclopedia Ii - Knyaz - Etymology
The etymology is directly related to the English King, the German König, and the Scandinavian konung. It was probably borrowed early fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ukrainian Language - History
Ukrainian language - Perspective. Before the eighteenth century the precursor to the modern Ukrainian language was a vernacular languag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ivan Samoylovych: Encyclopedia Ii - Ivan Samoylovych - Rise To Power
Samoylovych's father was a priest in a village near Zhitomir. Ivan first rose to prominence during Ivan Briukhovetsky's revolt against Mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Domestication Of The Horse: Encyclopedia Ii - Domestication Of The Horse - The Equivocal Evidence: When And Where Domestication Occurred
The when is also difficult to establish, and here again there seem to be several camps. One claim is that evidence at several sites shows...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Imperial Russia
Main article: Imperial Russia History of Russia - Peter the Great. Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), consolidated autocracy in Russia a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia Ii - Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography
Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life. Khmelnytsky was probably born in Chyhyryn, in Ukraine; it is unclear whether to a family of Ruthenian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magyarization: Encyclopedia Ii - Magyarization - Magyarization In The Austrian Empire And In Austria-hungary
The term Magyarization is usually used in regards to the national policies implemented by the government of the Kingdom of Hungary, which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Algirdas: Encyclopedia Ii - Algirdas - Expansion Of Lithuania
Nevertheless, Algirdas not only succeeded in holding his own, but acquired influence and territory at the expense of 1:0 to Muscovy and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia Ii - Švitrigaila - Downfall And Later Years
In 1432, however, Zygimantas of Starodub raised a rebellion and, supported by ethnic Lithuanians and Poles, overran much of the Grand Duc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Algirdas: Encyclopedia Ii - Algirdas - Assessment
Unlike his descendants, Algirdas wisely vacillated between Muscovy and Poland, spoke amongst others the Ruthenian language, and was more ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia Ii - Švitrigaila - Defection To Moscow And Its Aftermath
It is believed that Svitrigaila sympathized with the Russians, being born of a Russian mother (Ulyana of Tver) and married to a princess ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages
By the 14th century, the state of Rus had disintegrated into loosely united principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ukrainian Language - Language Structure
Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar. Old East Slavic (and Russian) o in many cases corresponds to Ukrainian i, as in pod->pid "...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenia - Modern Age
Ruthenia - Belarusians. The Belarusians often called themselves "Litvins" because they lived in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia Ii - Švitrigaila - Rebellion Against Vytautas
Svitrigaila was baptized by his father Algirdas into Eastern Orthodoxy. At the age of 11, he (together with his brother Jagiello) was con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ukrainian Language - History Of Ukrainian Literature
The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into three stages: old Ukrainian (tw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ukrainian Language - Current Usage
The Ukrainian language is currently emerging from a long period of decline. Although there are almost fifty million ethnic Ukrainians wor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia Ii - Švitrigaila - Grand Duke Of Lithuania
Upon Vytautas's death in 1430, Svitrigaila immediately pressed his claim to the throne. He was supported by the Ruthenian and Orthodox po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Etymology And Spelling
The word tsar is derived from the Latin title Caesar by way of the Old Slavonic tsesar (цесарь). The word is cognate with German Ka...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Russian Revolution
Main article: Russian Revolution of 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism, with the d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Metaphorical Uses
Like many lofty titles, e.g. moghol, Tsar or Czar has been used as a metaphore for positions of high authority, in English since 1866 (re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Russian Civil War
Main article: Russian Civil War A powerful group of counterrevolutionaries termed the White movement began to organize to topple the Bols...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greater Hungary Political Concept: Encyclopedia Ii - Greater Hungary Political Concept - Treaty Of Trianon
The peace treaties signed after the First World War redefined the national borders in Europe. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary, after i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Muscovy
Main article: Muscovy History of Russia - The rise of Moscow. Daniil Aleksandrovich, the youngest son of Nevski, founded the principali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greater Hungary Political Concept: Encyclopedia Ii - Greater Hungary Political Concept - Near Realisation Of Greater Hungary
Hungary's government allied itself with Nazi Germany during the Second World War in exchange for assurances that Greater Hungary's border...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greater Hungary Political Concept: Encyclopedia Ii - Greater Hungary Political Concept - After Trianon
After the Treaty of Trianon, a political concept known as Hungarian revisionism became popular in Hungary. Hungarian revisionism claims t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Serbia
The title "Tsar" was also used in Serbia, but only by two monarchs - Stefan Dusan and Stefan Uroš V in the 14th century. Previous and la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Soviet Union
Main article: History of the Soviet Union History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union. The history of Russia between 1922 and 1991...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - History Of Usage
"Tsar" is a corrupted Slavonic transliteration from the Roman "Caesar", which has a complex history, ending in utter devaluation as the B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Early History
History of Russia - Early East Slavs. Main article: Early East Slavs The ancestors of the Russians were the Slavic tribes, whose origin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Knyaz: Encyclopedia Ii - Knyaz - Russian Title In Modern Times
As Muscovy gained dominion over much of former Kievan Rus', Velikii Kniaz Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar. Since the mid-18...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Knyaz: Encyclopedia Ii - Knyaz - Middle Ages
The meaning was changing during history. Initially it was used to denote the chieftain of a tribe. Later, with the development of feudal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Russian Federation
Main article: History of post-Soviet Russia By the mid-1990s Russia had a system of multiparty electoral politics. But it was harder to e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Bulgaria
Prince Boris I is sometimes referred as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was Christianized. However, the title "tsar" was adopted fully...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Budjak: Encyclopedia Ii - Budjak - Ethnic Groups And Demographics
The main ethnic groups in Budjak today are Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Russians, and Romanians and the region has historically been home to m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orange Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Orange Revolution - Alleged Involvement Of Outside Forces
The Orange Revolution builds on a pattern first developed in the ousting of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia and continuing with the Rose R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The French Revolution
Main article: French Revolution By the late 18th century France's finances were in disarray. Lavish royal expenditure and costly wars, su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - The English Civil War And Unification With Scotland
Main article: English Civil War The first and foremost cause of the War was religion. When Charles became King in 1625 his Arminian style...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Early Modern Period: 16th 17th And 18th Century
The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Colonial Expansion
The numerous wars did not prevent the new states from exploring and conquering wide portions of the world, particularly in Asia (Siberia)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Europe - Congress Of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe. It was held in Vienna from 1 October 1814, t...   » Read the article