History of the graphical user interface

The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench based on an internal engine which drives all the input events called Intuition, and developed almost entirely by RJ Mical. Users may remember the initial releases for their garish blue/orange/white/black palettes, selected for high contrast. The Amiga team chose it, basing their job on direct experiences made to obtain better contrast solution using even the worst televisions the team could find. Workbench presented directories as "drawers" because the idea was to pre ...

See also:

History of the graphical user interface, History of the graphical user interface - Initial Developments, History of the graphical user interface - Augmentation of Human Intellect NLS, History of the graphical user interface - Xerox PARC, History of the graphical user interface - Apple Lisa and Macintosh, History of the graphical user interface - DESQview, History of the graphical user interface - GEM, History of the graphical user interface - Amiga Intuition, History of the graphical user interface - Microsoft Windows, History of the graphical user interface - GEOS, History of the graphical user interface - RISC OS, History of the graphical user interface - NeXTSTEP, History of the graphical user interface - OS/2, History of the graphical user interface - BeOS, History of the graphical user interface - NeWS, History of the graphical user interface - The X Window System, History of the graphical user interface - Mac OS X, History of the graphical user interface - Windows Vista, History of the graphical user interface - Trivia

Read more here: » History of the graphical user interface: Encyclopedia II - History of the graphical user interface - Amiga Intuition

CVS  () [+/-] In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol to build graphical user interfaces on Unix, Unix-like operating systems, and OpenVMS; and almost all modern operating systems support it. X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse and keyboard. X does not manda ...

Including:

• X Window System - The X client-server model and network transparency
• X Window System - Design principles of X
• X Window System - User interfaces
• X Window System - Implementations
• X Window System - X terminals
• X Window System - Limitations and criticisms of X
• X Window System - Video hardware
• X Window System - User interface features
• X Window System - Network
• X Window System - Competitors to X
• X Window System - History
• X Window System - Predecessors
• X Window System - Origin and early development
• X Window System - The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium Inc.
• X Window System - The Open Group
• X Window System - X.Org and XFree86
• X Window System - The X.Org Foundation
• X Window System - Future directions
• X Window System - Nomenclature
• X Window System - Release history

Read more here: » X Window System: Encyclopedia - X Window System

X Window System - Predecessors. Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Apple came the Lisa (1983) and the Macintosh (1984). In the Unix world there was the Andrew Project (1982) and Rob Pike's Blit terminal (1984). X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W (the letter X directly following W in the Latin alphabet). W ran under the V operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists. X Window Sy ...

See also:

X Window System, X Window System - The X client-server model and network transparency, X Window System - Design principles of X, X Window System - User interfaces, X Window System - Implementations, X Window System - X terminals, X Window System - Limitations and criticisms of X, X Window System - Video hardware, X Window System - User interface features, X Window System - Network, X Window System - Competitors to X, X Window System - History, X Window System - Predecessors, X Window System - Origin and early development, X Window System - The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium Inc., X Window System - The Open Group, X Window System - X.Org and XFree86, X Window System - The X.Org Foundation, X Window System - Future directions, X Window System - Nomenclature, X Window System - Release history

Read more here: » X Window System: Encyclopedia II - X Window System - History

The era of modern computing began with a flurry of development before and during World War II, as electronic circuits, relays, capacitors and vacuum tubes replaced mechanical equivalents and digital calculations replaced analog calculations. The computers designed and constructed then have sometimes been called 'first generation' computers. First generation computers such as the Z3 and Colossus were usually built by hand using circuits containing relays or vacuum valves (tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input an ...

See also:

History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - 1801: punched card technology, History of computing hardware - 1835–1900s: first programmable machines, History of computing hardware - 1800s–1900s: limited mechanical computing, History of computing hardware - Pre-1940 analog computers, History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-series, History of computing hardware - First generation von Neumann machines, History of computing hardware - 1950s and early 1960s: second generation, History of computing hardware - Post-1960: third generation and beyond, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading

Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - 1940s: first electrical digital computers

Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March. Macintosh IIfx released. Based on a 40 MHz version of the 68030 it achieved 10 MIPS. It also featured a faster SCSI adapter, which could transfer 3.0 Mbit/s. Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 22. Introduction of Windows 3.0 by Microsoft. It is a true multitasking system (or pretends to be on computers less than an 80286, by operating in 'Real' mode). It maintained compatibility with MS-DOS, on an 80386 it eve ...

See also:

Timeline of computing 1990-forward, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1990, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1991, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1992, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1993, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1994, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 7, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 10, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1995, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 27, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August 21 [poss. 23], Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 3, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December 28, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1996, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 9, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1997, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 8, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 11, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 7, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 2, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1998, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - February, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 25, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1999, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 25, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Feb 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Aug 31, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Nov 29, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2000, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 19, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Feb 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 8, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 20, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Sept 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2001, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 24, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2002, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 30, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2003, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2004, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 9, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 20, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2005, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 29, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2006, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 10, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Other events of 1990 and later

Read more here: » Timeline of computing 1990-forward: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1990

The basis of the fourth generation was Marcian Hoff's invention of the microprocessor. Unlike Third generation minicomputers, which were essentially scaled down versions of mainframe computers, the fourth generation's origins are fundamentally different. Microprocessor based computers were originally very limited in their computational ability and speed, and were in no way an attempt to downsize the minicomputer. They were addressing an entirely different market. Although processing power and storage capacities have increased b ...

See also:

History of computing hardware 1960s-present, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - Third generation, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - Fourth generation, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - Microprocessors, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - Supercomputers, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - The early home computer era, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - The IBM PC and its successors, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - The rise of GUI-based microcomputers, History of computing hardware 1960s-present - The microprocessor based server and networks

Read more here: » History of computing hardware 1960s-present: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware 1960s-present - Fourth generation

First dynamic RAM chip introduced by Intel. It was called the 1103 and had a capacity of 1 K-bit, 1024 bits. Development of UNIX operating system started. It was later released as C source code to aid portability, and subsequently versions are obtainable for many different computers, including the IBM PC. It and its clones (such as GNU/Linux) are still widely used on network servers and scientific workstations. Originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. Forth programming language developed. A simple, clean, stackbased design, whic ...

See also:

Timeline of computing 1950-1979, Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1950s, Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1960s, Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1970s

Read more here: » Timeline of computing 1950-1979: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1970s

OS/2 - Enthusiastic beginnings. IBM and Microsoft signed the Joint Development Agreement in August 1985. OS/2 1.0 was announced in April 1987 and released in December, as a text mode-only OS. It however featured a rich API for controlling the video display (VIO) and getting keyboard and mouse events, a sort of a protected-mode BIOS. Not surprisingly, the video and keyboard APIs were also available to "bound" programs on MS-DOS. The promised GUI, Presentation Manager, was introduced with OS/2 1.1 in November 1988. ...

See also:

OS/2, OS/2 - Development history, OS/2 - Enthusiastic beginnings, OS/2 - Breakup: the five year itch, OS/2 - 32-bit era, OS/2 - The Warp years, OS/2 - Fading out, OS/2 - Grass-root efforts and folklore: Team OS/2, OS/2 - Security niche, OS/2 - Future, OS/2 - Technology, OS/2 - Quotations

Read more here: » OS/2: Encyclopedia II - OS/2 - Development history

In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator and thus became the father of the computing era. Since his machine used techniques such as cogs and gears first developed for clocks, it was also called a 'calculating clock'. It was put to practical use by his friend Johannes Kepler, who revolutionized astronomy. Machines by Blaise Pascal (the Pascaline, 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1671) followed. Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas ...

See also:

History of computing hardware, History of computing hardware - Earliest devices for facilitating human calculation, History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators, History of computing hardware - Punched card technology 1801–, History of computing hardware - First designs of programmable machines 1835–1900s, History of computing hardware - More limited types of mechanical gear computing 1800s–1900s, History of computing hardware - Analog computers pre-1940, History of computing hardware - First generation of electrical digital computers 1940s, History of computing hardware - American developments, History of computing hardware - Colossus, History of computing hardware - Konrad Zuse's Z-Series, History of computing hardware - Postwar von Neumann machines -- the first generation, History of computing hardware - Second generation -- late 1950s and early 1960s, History of computing hardware - Vacuum tube circuits and drum memory, History of computing hardware - Discrete transistor circuits and core memory, History of computing hardware - Third generation and beyond post-1960, History of computing hardware - Notes, History of computing hardware - Books for further reading

Read more here: » History of computing hardware: Encyclopedia II - History of computing hardware - First mechanical calculators

Mac OS history - Development. The Macintosh project started in early 1979 with Jef Raskin, who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. In September 1979, Raskin was given permission to start hiring for the project and was, in particular, looking for an engineer that could put together a prototype. Bill Atkinson, a member of the Lisa team, introduced him to Burrell Smith, a service ...

See also:

Mac OS history, Mac OS history - Early history, Mac OS history - Development, Mac OS history - Release, Mac OS history - System 5, Mac OS history - System 6, Mac OS history - System 7, Mac OS history - Mac OS 8, Mac OS history - Mac OS 9, Mac OS history - Mac OS X, Mac OS history - Other

Read more here: » Mac OS history: Encyclopedia II - Mac OS history - Early history

X Window System - Predecessors. Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Apple came the Lisa (1983) and the Macintosh (1984). The Unix world had the Andrew Project (1982) and Rob Pike's Blit terminal (1984). X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W (the letter X directly following W in the Latin alphabet). W Window System ran under the V operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists. X Window Sy ...

See also:

X Window System, X Window System - The X client-server model and network transparency, X Window System - Design principles of X, X Window System - User interfaces, X Window System - Implementations, X Window System - X terminals, X Window System - Limitations and criticisms of X, X Window System - Video hardware, X Window System - User interface features, X Window System - Network, X Window System - Competitors to X, X Window System - History, X Window System - Predecessors, X Window System - Origin and early development, X Window System - The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium Inc., X Window System - The Open Group, X Window System - X.Org and XFree86, X Window System - The X.Org Foundation, X Window System - Future directions, X Window System - Nomenclature, X Window System - Release history

Read more here: » X Window System: Encyclopedia II - X Window System - History

Historian of science Thierry Bardini has persuasively argued that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research endeavors) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology. Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that languag ...

See also:

Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart - Education, Douglas Engelbart - Career and accomplishments, Douglas Engelbart - End of corporate career and subsequent developments, Douglas Engelbart - At present

Read more here: » Douglas Engelbart: Encyclopedia II - Douglas Engelbart - Career and accomplishments

Different sources expand the acronym WIMP differently. The terms may be plural or singular, and the term corresponding to P varies the most. All of the following can be found on the web (as of 2004): W: Window(s) I: Icon(s) M: Menu(s); Mouse/Mouses/Mice (rarely) (note that mouses are a subset of pointing devices) P: Pointing device(s); Pointing; Pointer(s) (note that the term "pointer" is often used as a synonym for mouse cursor); Pull-down menu(s) (note that pull- ...

See also:

WIMP computing, WIMP computing - Alternative Expansions

Read more here: » WIMP computing: Encyclopedia II - WIMP computing - Alternative Expansions

Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April. Introduction of Windows 3.1 Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May. Wolfenstein 3D released by id Software Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June. Sound Blaster 16 ASP Introduced by Creative Labs. Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October. Commodore released the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000. Both machines included ...

See also:

Timeline of computing 1990-forward, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1990, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1991, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1992, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1993, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1994, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 7, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 10, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1995, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 27, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August 21 [poss. 23], Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 3, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December 28, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1996, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 9, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1997, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 8, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 11, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 7, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 2, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1998, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - February, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 25, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1999, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 25, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Feb 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Aug 31, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Nov 29, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2000, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 19, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Feb 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 8, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 20, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Sept 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2001, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 24, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2002, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 30, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2003, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2004, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 9, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 20, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2005, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 29, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2006, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 10, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Other events of 1990 and later

Read more here: » Timeline of computing 1990-forward: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1992

Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 22. 80486 SX released as cheaper alternative to 80486 DX - the key difference being the lack of an integrated F.P.U. Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May. Introduction of Sound Blaster Pro. Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June. In order to promote OS/2 Bill Gates took every opportunity after its release to say 'DOS is dead', however the development of DOS 5.0 ...

See also:

Timeline of computing 1990-forward, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1990, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1991, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1992, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1993, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1994, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 7, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 10, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1995, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 27, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August 21 [poss. 23], Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 3, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December 28, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1996, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 9, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1997, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 8, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 11, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 7, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 2, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - August 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1998, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - February, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 25, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - September, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1999, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 25, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Feb 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Aug 31, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Nov 29, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2000, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 19, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Feb 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 8, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 20, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Sept 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2001, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Jan 4, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 24, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2002, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - May 30, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2003, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - March 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - December 17, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2004, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 9, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 14, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - October 20, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2005, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - April 29, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 1, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - June 6, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - July 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - November 22, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 2006, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - January 10, Timeline of computing 1990-forward - Other events of 1990 and later

Read more here: » Timeline of computing 1990-forward: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of computing 1990-forward - 1991

Estimate that there are 100 computers in the world. Magnetic core memory developed. FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) development started by John Backus and his team at IBM - continuing until 1957. FORTRAN was the first high-level programming language, still in use for scientific programming. Before being run, a FORTRAN program needs to be converted into a machine program by a compiler, itself a program. The NORC was built by IBM for the US Navy. First conference on Artificial Intelligence held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. The Bend ...

See also:

Timeline of computing 1950-1979, Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1950s, Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1960s, Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1970s

Read more here: » Timeline of computing 1950-1979: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - 1950s

While it technically retains the same name as its predecessors, Mac OS X is largely independent. It is primarily based on a UNIX core known as Darwin, while older versions are based on a proprietary core (the same basic core was in use from System 1 up to Mac OS 9). For a complete history of Mac OS X, view Mac OS X history. ...

See also:

Mac OS history, Mac OS history - Early history, Mac OS history - Development, Mac OS history - Release, Mac OS history - System 5, Mac OS history - System 6, Mac OS history - System 7, Mac OS history - Mac OS 8, Mac OS history - Mac OS 9, Mac OS history - Mac OS X, Mac OS history - Other

Read more here: » Mac OS history: Encyclopedia II - Mac OS history - Mac OS X

The graphic system has a layer named Presentation Manager that manages windows, fonts, and icons. This is similar in functionality to a non-networked version of X11 or the Windows GDI. On top of this lies the Workplace Shell (WPS) introduced in OS/2 2.0. WPS is an object-oriented shell allowing the user to perform traditional computing tasks such as accessing files, printers, launching legacy programs, and advanced object oriented tasks using built-in and 3rd party application objects that extended the shell in an integrated fashion not available on any other mainstream operating system. WPS follows IBM's Common Us ...

See also:

OS/2, OS/2 - Development history, OS/2 - Enthusiastic beginnings, OS/2 - Breakup: the five year itch, OS/2 - 32-bit era, OS/2 - The Warp years, OS/2 - Fading out, OS/2 - Grass-root efforts and folklore: Team OS/2, OS/2 - Security niche, OS/2 - Future, OS/2 - Technology, OS/2 - Quotations

Read more here: » OS/2: Encyclopedia II - OS/2 - Technology

During the next 10 years, millions of programmers and users will utilize this system Bill Gates, November 1988 (in the Foreword to the Inside OS/2 book by Gordon Letwin, Microsoft's architect for OS/2). This quotation can be interestingly compared with another one, by Dave Cutler and coming from his introduction to the Inside Windows NT book: "In the summer of 1988, I received an interesting call from Bill Gates at Microsoft. He asked whether I'd like to come over and talk about building a ...

See also:

OS/2, OS/2 - Development history, OS/2 - Enthusiastic beginnings, OS/2 - Breakup: the five year itch, OS/2 - 32-bit era, OS/2 - The Warp years, OS/2 - Fading out, OS/2 - Grass-root efforts and folklore: Team OS/2, OS/2 - Security niche, OS/2 - Future, OS/2 - Technology, OS/2 - Quotations

Read more here: » OS/2: Encyclopedia II - OS/2 - Quotations

Mac OS 9 was released on October 23, 1999. It was generally a steady evolution from Mac OS 8. In fact the only reason that the version was increased from 8 to 9 was to pave the way for the upcoming Mac OS X, rather than leave a gap in the version numbers which might have discouraged some to make the eventual transition from classic Mac OS to Mac OS X. Mac OS 9 was originally planned to be named Mac OS 8.7. OS 9 also added some transitional technologies to help application developers adopt some OS X features before the introduction of ...

See also:

Mac OS history, Mac OS history - Early history, Mac OS history - Development, Mac OS history - Release, Mac OS history - System 5, Mac OS history - System 6, Mac OS history - System 7, Mac OS history - Mac OS 8, Mac OS history - Mac OS 9, Mac OS history - Mac OS X, Mac OS history - Other

Read more here: » Mac OS history: Encyclopedia II - Mac OS history - Mac OS 9