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History of the Arabic alphabet | A Wisdom Archive on History of the Arabic alphabet | | History of the Arabic alphabet A selection of articles related to History of the Arabic alphabet | |
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| | | History of the Arabic alphabet | | |
| ARTICLES RELATED TO History of the Arabic alphabet | | | |  History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptionsA fair number of Arabian inscriptions survive from the pre-Islamic era, but, very few are in the Arabic alphabet. Some are in the Arabic language, or its closest relatives including:-
The Thamudic, Lihyanic, and Safaitic inscriptions in the north.
The Epigraphic South Arabian (Sabaean, Himyaritic, etc.) inscriptions in the south.
Both of these are in variants of the South Arabian musnad alphabet.
Nabataean inscriptions in Aramaic and Arabic.
Inscriptions in other languages, such as ...
See also:History of the Arabic alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Archaic model, History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins, History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions, History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes, History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages Read more here: » History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet The following table provides all of the Unicode characters for Arabic, and none of the supplementary letters used for other languages. The transliteration given is the widespread DIN 31635 standard, with some common alternatives. See the article Arabic transliteration for details and various other transliteration schemes.
Regarding pronunciation, the phonetic values given are those of the "standard" pronunciation of the fusha language as taught in universities. Actual pronunciation between the varieties of Arabic may vary widely. For more details concerning the pronu ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left and is composed of 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the script for other languages such as Persian and Urdu have additional letters. There is no difference between written and printed letters; the writing is unicase (i.e. the concept of upper and lower case letters does not exist). On the other hand, most of the letters are attached to one another, even when printed, and their appearance changes as a function of whether they connect to preceding or fol ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide variety of languages other than Arabic, including Persian, Kurdish, Malay and Urdu. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a [p] phoneme, so many languages add their own letter to represent [p] in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6 and Unicode, in the latter thanks to the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, neither of these sets indicate the form each character should take in context. It is left to the rendering engine to select the proper glyph to display for each character.
When one wants to encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The Arabi ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Numerals There are two kinds of numerals used in Arabic writing; standard numerals and "East Arab" numerals, used in Iran, Pakistan and India. In Arabic, these numbers are referred to as "Indian numbers" (أرقام هندية arqām hindiyyah). In most of present-day North Africa, the usual We ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Numerals |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - History The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Phoenician. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ram (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512. However, the epigraphic record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - History |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet Less than a century later, Arab grammarians reorganized the alphabet, for reasons of teaching, putting letters next to other letters which were nearly the same shape. This produced a new order which was not the same as the numeric order, which became less important because it was being competed with by the Indian numerals and sometimes by the Greek numerals.
The Arabic grammarians of North Africa changed the new letters, ...
See also:History of the Arabic alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Archaic model, History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins, History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions, History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes, History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages Read more here: » History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes In the 7th century AD, the Arabic alphabet is attested in its classical form.
See PERF 558 for the first surviving Islamic Arabic writing.
In the 7th century AD, probably in the early years of Islam while writing down the Qur'an, it was realized that deciding by context in each case did not solve all the various ambiguities that resulted when reading Arabic text, and a proper cure was needed. Writings in the Nabataean and Syriac alphabets already had sporadic examples of dots being used to distinguish letters which had become id ...
See also:History of the Arabic alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Archaic model, History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins, History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions, History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes, History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages Read more here: » History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins The Arabic alphabet evolved either from the Nabataean, or (less widely believed) from the Syriac. This table shows changes undergone by the shapes of the letters from the Aramaic original to the Nabataean and Syriac forms. Arabic is placed in the middle for clarity and not to mark a time order of evolution.
It seems that the Nabataean alphabet became the Arabic alphabet thus:
In the 6th and 5th centuries BC, north-Semitic tribes immigrated and founded a kingdom centered around Petra, in what is now Jordan. These people (n ...
See also:History of the Arabic alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Archaic model, History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins, History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions, History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes, History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages Read more here: » History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins |
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| | | | History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet The Arabic alphabet's alphabetical order is different from in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Syriac, and Greek alphabets:-
(Greek waw = digamma)
The old alphabetical order, as in the other alphabets shown here, is known as the Levantine or Abjadi order. If the letters are arranged by their numeric order, the Levantine order is restored:-
(Greek waw = digamma)
(Note: here "numeric order" means the traditional values when these letters were used as numbers. See Arabic numerals, Greek numerals and Hebrew numerals for more details)
This order is much the oldest. The fir ...
See also:History of the Arabic alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Archaic model, History of the Arabic alphabet - Origins, History of the Arabic alphabet - Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions, History of the Arabic alphabet - Early Islamic changes, History of the Arabic alphabet - Reorganization of the alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet - Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages Read more here: » History of the Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Arabic alphabet - An innovating alphabet |
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