Norway's kings (Norges Konge is the official style) in modern times, with periods of reign, are: Haakon VII (1905-1957) Olav V (1957-1991) Harald V (1991-present) History of Norway - Norway in World War I. Norway remained neutral during World War I. However, 1,156 Norwegian sailors were lost during the U-boat war. Despite their neutrality, the Norwegian government went to considerable lengths to accommodate Britain, on account of both British pressure and an ant ...

See also:

History of Norway, History of Norway - Etymology, History of Norway - Earliest times 10 000 BC -, History of Norway - The Viking kings, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union and the union with Denmark, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union 1396–1536, History of Norway - The Union with Denmark 1536–1814, History of Norway - Union with Sweden, History of Norway - Independent Monarchy, History of Norway - Norway in World War I, History of Norway - Norway in World War II, History of Norway - Post-war Foreign and military policy, History of Norway - Post-war Economic development, History of Norway - Post-war Social policy

Read more here: » History of Norway: Encyclopedia II - History of Norway - Independent Monarchy

Main article: Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway On hearing news of the treaty, the Prince of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederik, the resident vice-roy in Norway, founded a Norwegian independence movement, most likely with the surreptitious goal of re-uinification with Denmark. The independence movement was successful, partly due to clandestine support from the Danish Crown, but also because the desire for independence was strong in Norway. On April 10, a national assembly met at Eidsvoll to decide on a constitution. ...

See also:

Treaty of Kiel, Treaty of Kiel - The United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway

Read more here: » Treaty of Kiel: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Kiel - The United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway

During the 980s, Icelandic Vikings made the first European discoveries of Greenland and, finding the land unpopulated, settled on the southwest coast. The name Greenland (Grønland) has its roots in this colonization (the Inuit call it Kalaallit Nunaat, "Our Land"), and there has been speculation on its meaning. Some have argued that the coasts in question were literally green at the time due to the medieval climate optimum, while others have suspected that it was mostly a marketing scam to get people to settle there. Eric the ...

See also:

History of Greenland, History of Greenland - Early Palaeo-Eskimo cultures, History of Greenland - Norse settlement, History of Greenland - Late Dorset and Thule cultures, History of Greenland - Danish colonization, History of Greenland - Strategic importance, History of Greenland - Home rule, History of Greenland - Notes

Read more here: » History of Greenland: Encyclopedia II - History of Greenland - Norse settlement

Charles XIII was both infirm and childless. To secure the succession to the throne, he adopted Prince Christian August of Augustenborg as his heir. He had been viceroy of Norway and commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army during its successful resistance against the Swedish invasion in 1808-1809. His great popularity in Norway was considered an advantage to the Swedish plans for the acquisition of that country. In addition, he had demonstrated his interest in a rapprochement between the two countries by refraining from invading Sweden durin ...

See also:

Union between Sweden and Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty, Union between Sweden and Norway - Personal union with Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte, Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I, Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union, Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

Read more here: » Union between Sweden and Norway: Encyclopedia II - Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty

The leiðangr was a system organising a coastal fleet with the aim of defence, coerced trade, plunderings and aggressive wars. Normally, the fleet levy was on expeditions for two or three summer months. All free men, i.e. the peasants, were obliged to take part in or contribute to the leiðangr. All of the leiðangr was called to arms when invading forces threatened the land. In the expeditions only a faction of the ships were taking part, but as the expeditions often were profitable many magnates and chieftains tried to ...

See also:

Leidang, Leidang - Origins, Leidang - Structure, Leidang - Evolution, Leidang - England

Read more here: » Leidang: Encyclopedia II - Leidang - Structure

Since no written records exist from the period the carvings were created, there is no way to know what purposes they were meant to serve and what spurred their creation. Possible explanations include use in shamanistic rituals, totemistic symbols that denoted tribal unity or marked a tribe's territory, a kind of historical record of important events, or even simple artistic pleasure. Since individual carvings show such a wide array of different images and the carvings were created over an extremely long period of time, it seems plausible that individual carvings might have served any of the purposes li ...

See also:

Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols

Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations

The constitution of 1814 was a product of its age, and as Norwegian democracy developed, some parts of it began to look increasingly dated. For example, the executive power, which in the constitution is consistently attributed to the King, came increasingly to rest in his Council of State (statsråd). Similarly, the King originally had the right to appoint members of the Council, who were answerable to him alone, and they could not be chosen from the members of the Storting (the parliament). With the introduction of parliamentarism in the 18 ...

See also:

Constitution of Norway, Constitution of Norway - History, Constitution of Norway - Development of the constitution, Constitution of Norway - Current trends

Read more here: » Constitution of Norway: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of Norway - Development of the constitution

See also: Oscar I of Sweden Charles XIV's son and successor King Oscar I was much more liberally inclined. Shortly after his accession on March 4, 1844 he laid several projects of reform before the Riksdag; but the estates would do little more than abolish the obsolete marriage and inheritance laws and a few commercial monopolies. As the financial situation necessitated a large increase of taxation, there was much popular discontent, which culminated in riots in the streets of Stockholm March 1848. Yet, when fresh proposals for ...

See also:

Union between Sweden and Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty, Union between Sweden and Norway - Personal union with Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte, Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I, Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union, Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

Read more here: » Union between Sweden and Norway: Encyclopedia II - Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I

See also: Bernadotte Charles XIII of Sweden, died on February 5, 1818, and was succeeded by Bernadotte under the title of Charles XIV John. The new king devoted himself to the promotion of Charles the material development of the country, the Göta Canal absorbing the greater portion of the twenty-four million Riksdaler voted for the purpose. The external debt of Sweden was gradually extinguished, the internal debt considerably reduced, and the budget showed an average annual surplus of 700,000 Riksdaler. With returning prosperi ...

See also:

Union between Sweden and Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty, Union between Sweden and Norway - Personal union with Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte, Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I, Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union, Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

Read more here: » Union between Sweden and Norway: Encyclopedia II - Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte

See also: Charles XV of Sweden Oscar I was succeeded on July 8, 1859 by his son, Charles XV, who had already acted as regent during his father's illnesses. He succeeded, with the invaluable assistance of the minister of justice, Baron Louis de Geer, in at last accomplishing the much-needed reform of the constitution. The way had been prepared in 1860 by a sweeping measure of municipal reform; and, in January 1863, the government brought in a reform bill by the terms of which the Riksdag was henceforth to consist of two chambers ...

See also:

Union between Sweden and Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty, Union between Sweden and Norway - Personal union with Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte, Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I, Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union, Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

Read more here: » Union between Sweden and Norway: Encyclopedia II - Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV

XU was the largest and most important intelligence organisation in occupied Norway during WWII. Most of the work of XU was kept secret until 1988. XU was established in July 1940 by Arvid Storsveen, and was originally based on recruiting students from the University of Oslo. The group connected to professionals around Norway, within railroads, police and so on, and collected maps and photos of German fortifications and forces. After a period of cooperation with Milorg, XU worked separately from the rest of the Norwegian resistance movement from the Autumn of 1941. This ...

Read more here: » XU: Encyclopedia - XU

At the time the carvings were created, northern Norway was inhabited by a culture of hunter-gatherers that are thought to be descendants of the Komsa culture, a stone age culture that expanded along the Norwegian coast following receding glaciation during the late ice age around 8000 BC. The period of almost 5000 years over which carvings were created at the site saw many cultural changes, including the adoption of metal tools and advances in areas such as boat building and fishing techniques; therefore, the carvings show a wide variety of m ...

See also:

Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols

Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background

The name Viking is a borrowed word from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. Vikings traveled to the west and Varangians, who were best known as the Varangian Guards of the Byzantine emperors, to the east. This period of European history (generally dated to 793 - 1066 AD) is often referred to as the Viking Age. The word “Viking” was introduced to the English language with ro ...

Including:

• Viking - Etymology
• Viking - Historical records
• Viking - Adam of Bremen
• Viking - Rune stones
• Viking - Icelandic sagas
• Viking - 13th century
• Viking - Viking ships and Viking longships
• Viking - The Viking Age
• Viking - The Viking invasions: a commercial war?
• Viking - Decline
• Viking - Modern revivals
• Viking - Romanticism
• Viking - Fascism
• Viking - Living History
• Viking - Myths about Vikings
• Viking - Horned helmets
• Viking - Skull cups
• Viking - Uncleanliness
• Viking - Famous Vikings
• Viking - Books
• Viking - Movies
• Viking - Culture
• Viking - Historians
• Viking - Archaeology
• Viking - Place names
• Viking - Military
• Viking - Popular Culture
• Viking - Bibliography

Read more here: » Viking: Encyclopedia - Viking

See article Separation of Norway from Sweden in 1905 On May 23 the Norwegian Storting passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate Norwegian consuls, and as King Oscar, who again had resumed the reins of government, made use of his constitutional right to veto the bill, the Norwegian ministry tendered their resignation. The king, however, declared he could not now accept their resignation, whereupon the ministry at a sitting of the Norwegian Storting on June 7 placed their resignation in its hands. The Sto ...

See also:

Union between Sweden and Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty, Union between Sweden and Norway - Personal union with Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte, Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I, Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union, Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

Read more here: » Union between Sweden and Norway: Encyclopedia II - Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

The relations with Norway during King Oscar's reign had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of being wrecked. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and foreign ministers. They had, according to the constitution of 1814, the right to a separate consulate office, but had not established it both because of financial reasons and because the Swedish consuls generally did a satisfactory job of representin ...

See also:

Union between Sweden and Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - A new dynasty, Union between Sweden and Norway - Personal union with Norway, Union between Sweden and Norway - The royal house of Bernadotte, Union between Sweden and Norway - Oscar I, Union between Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union, Union between Sweden and Norway - Dissolution of the Union

Read more here: » Union between Sweden and Norway: Encyclopedia II - Union between Sweden and Norway - State of the Union

In Saxon times, defenses were based upon the fyrd, the Anglo-Saxon version of the Scandinavian leidang. It was a militia of all able-bodied men that was called up from the districts threatened with attack. Service in the fyrd was usually of short duration and the participants were obliged to provide their own arms and provisions. The origins of the early militia can be traced back to at least the seventh century. It is likely that the obligation of Englishmen to serve in the fyrd or peoples army is older than our oldest records. Alfred the Great is credited with ...

See also:

Leidang, Leidang - Origins, Leidang - Structure, Leidang - Evolution, Leidang - England

Read more here: » Leidang: Encyclopedia II - Leidang - England

The colonial status of Greenland was lifted in 1953, when it became an integral part of the Danish kingdom, with representation in the Folketing. Denmark also began a programme of providing medical service and education to the Greenlanders. For this purpose, the population became more and more concentrated to the towns. Since most of the inhabitants were fishers and had a hard time finding work in the towns, these population movements may have contributed to unemployment and other social p ...

See also:

History of Greenland, History of Greenland - Early Palaeo-Eskimo cultures, History of Greenland - Norse settlement, History of Greenland - Late Dorset and Thule cultures, History of Greenland - Danish colonization, History of Greenland - Strategic importance, History of Greenland - Home rule, History of Greenland - Notes

Read more here: » History of Greenland: Encyclopedia II - History of Greenland - Home rule

The Norwegian constitution was inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the French revolution in 1789 and the subsequent U.S. and French constitutions, and is considered one of the most radical constitutions in the world at that time. After a Campaign against Norway by its neighbor Sweden, Norway in the Convention of Moss was forced to enter into a personal union with Sweden, forming Sweden-Norway, and amend its constitution accordingly November 4, 1814. Those amendments were revoked after the dis ...

See also:

Constitution of Norway, Constitution of Norway - History, Constitution of Norway - Development of the constitution, Constitution of Norway - Current trends

Read more here: » Constitution of Norway: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of Norway - History

The first carvings were discovered in autumn 1972 in the area of Jiepmaluokta (a Sami name meaning "bay of seals"), about 4 kilometers from the town center of Alta. During the 1970s, many more carvings were discovered all around Alta, with a noticeably higher density around Jiepmaluokta (of around 5000 known carvings in the area, more than 3000 are located there). A system of wooden gangways totalling about 3 kilometers was constructed in the Jiepmaluokta area during the second half of the 1980s, and Alta's museum was moved from its previous ...

See also:

Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols

Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration

The prehistory of Greenland is a story of repeated waves of Palaeo-Eskimo immigration from the islands north of the North American mainland. As one of the furthest outposts of these cultures, life was constantly on the edge, and cultures have come and then died out during the centuries. Of the period before the Scandinavian exploration of Greenland, archaeology can give only approximate times: The Saqqaq culture: 2500–800 BC (southern Greenland). The Independence I culture: 2400–1300 BC (northern Greenland)