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History of measurement | A Wisdom Archive on History of measurement | | History of measurement A selection of articles related to History of measurement | |
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History of measurement
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO History of measurement | | | | |  History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Space fountain - VariantsA Space Fountain does not have to go straight up. Instead, the projectiles from the base station could be launched at an angle, forming a large partial orbital arc that intersects the ground some distance away where a second base station would receive the stream of projectiles, turn them around and send them back to complete the loop. The top of the arc would be able to support space stations in a similar manner to how the ring of space stations in the original concept were supported, by deflecting the stream downward. This variation was stu ...
See also:Space fountain, Space fountain - History, Space fountain - Design, Space fountain - Construction, Space fountain - Safety measures, Space fountain - Variants, Space fountain - Near-term applications Read more here: » Space fountain: Encyclopedia II - Space fountain - Variants |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Chemical oxygen demand - History For many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMn04) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. Measurements were called oxygen consumed from permanganate, rather than the oxygen demand of organic substances. Potassium permanaganate's effectiveness at oxidizing organic compounds varied widely, and in many cases BOD measurements were often much greater than results from COD measurements. This indicated that potassium permanganate was not able to effectively oxidize all organic compounds in water, rendering it a re ...
See also:Chemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand - Overview, Chemical oxygen demand - History, Chemical oxygen demand - Using potassium dichromate, Chemical oxygen demand - Blanks, Chemical oxygen demand - Measurement of excess, Chemical oxygen demand - Calculations, Chemical oxygen demand - Inorganic interference, Chemical oxygen demand - Government regulation Read more here: » Chemical oxygen demand: Encyclopedia II - Chemical oxygen demand - History |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Woodworking - Woodworking Tools A variety of tools are used for woodworking. These may be divided into hand tools and power tools or woodworking machinery, or they may be divided into rough groups based on their function in the woodworking process.
Woodworking - Measuring and marking tools.
rulers, tape measures, and protractors
straightedges, combination squares, try squares,
scratch awls, marking gauges, marking knives
levels
plane gauges used to determine the flatness of a surface
hyg ...
See also:Woodworking, Woodworking - History, Woodworking - Terminology, Woodworking - Topics in Woodworking, Woodworking - Woodworking Tools, Woodworking - Measuring and marking tools, Woodworking - Cutting tools, Woodworking - Shaping tools, Woodworking - Assembly tools, Woodworking - Finishing tools, Woodworking - Accessory tools and furniture, Woodworking - Tool Sharpening, Woodworking - Sharpening Paraphernalia, Woodworking - Sharpening Methods, Woodworking - Woodworkers Read more here: » Woodworking: Encyclopedia II - Woodworking - Woodworking Tools |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Woodworking - Woodworking Tools A variety of tools are used for woodworking. These may be divided into hand tools and power tools or woodworking machinery, or they may be divided into rough groups based on their function in the woodworking process.
Woodworking - Measuring and marking tools.
rulers, tape measures, and protractors
straightedges, combination squares, try squares,
scratch awls, marking gauges, marking knives
levels
plane gauges used to determine the flatness of a surface
hyg ...
See also:Woodworking, Woodworking - History, Woodworking - Terminology, Woodworking - Topics in Woodworking, Woodworking - Woodworking Tools, Woodworking - Measuring and marking tools, Woodworking - Cutting tools, Woodworking - Shaping tools, Woodworking - Assembly tools, Woodworking - Finishing tools, Woodworking - Accessory tools and furniture, Woodworking - Tool Sharpening, Woodworking - Sharpening Paraphenalia, Woodworking - Sharpening Methods, Woodworking - Woodworkers Read more here: » Woodworking: Encyclopedia II - Woodworking - Woodworking Tools |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Electrocardiogram - Lead placement An ECG is constructed by measuring electrical potential between various points of the body using a galvanometer. Leads I, II and III are measured over the limbs: I is from the right to the left arm, II is from the right arm to the left leg and III is from the left arm to the left leg. From this, the imaginary point V is constructed, which is located centrally in the chest above the heart. The other nine leads are derived from potential between this point and the three limb leads (aVR, aVL and aVF) and the si ...
See also:Electrocardiogram, Electrocardiogram - Uses, Electrocardiogram - Lead placement, Electrocardiogram - The normal ECG, Electrocardiogram - Axis, Electrocardiogram - P wave, Electrocardiogram - QRS, Electrocardiogram - T wave, Electrocardiogram - ECG measures, Electrocardiogram - QT interval, Electrocardiogram - PR interval, Electrocardiogram - History, Electrocardiogram - Representation in culture Read more here: » Electrocardiogram: Encyclopedia II - Electrocardiogram - Lead placement |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle gearing - Measuring gears With a derailleur-based multi-speed bicycle, the gears can be denoted by the number of teeth on the front chainring and rear sprocket, for example the highest gear on a racing bicycle might be 53x11. For a road-racing cyclist, this is useful because of the standard size of the wheel. However, this measure is limited because it does not specify other aspects of the system. Gear inches and metres of development are related measures that include the diameter of the rear wheel. Gain ratio is a measure which also takes the length of the crankarms into account.
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See also:Bicycle gearing, Bicycle gearing - General considerations, Bicycle gearing - History, Bicycle gearing - Measuring gears, Bicycle gearing - Key Considerations, Bicycle gearing - Some examples, Bicycle gearing - Short local rides, Bicycle gearing - Regular commuting, Bicycle gearing - Touring, Bicycle gearing - Racing, Bicycle gearing - Off-road Read more here: » Bicycle gearing: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle gearing - Measuring gears |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Lead poisoning - Measurement One measure of lead in the body is the blood lead level (BLL), measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL). Nearly everyone has a measurable BLL. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern. However, lead can impair development even at BLLs below 10 μg/dL.
The average person has less than 10 micrograms per deciliter, or 100 parts per billion, ppb, of lead in their blood serum. People who have been exposed to an unusual amount of lead will have lead serum levels higher than 200 ppb—most clinical sympt ...
See also:Lead poisoning, Lead poisoning - History, Lead poisoning - Symptoms and effects, Lead poisoning - Biological role, Lead poisoning - Occurrence, Lead poisoning - Measurement, Lead poisoning - Treatment, Lead poisoning - Famous cases of lead poisoning, Lead poisoning - External link Read more here: » Lead poisoning: Encyclopedia II - Lead poisoning - Measurement |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Pontryagin duality - Haar measure A topological group is locally compact if and only if the identity e of the group has a compact neighborhood. This means that there is some open set V containing e whose closure is relatively compact in the topology of G. One of the most remarkable facts about a locally compact group G is that it carries an essentially unique natural measure, the Haar measure, which allows one to consistently measure the "size" of sufficiently regular subsets of G. "Sufficiently regular subset" here means a Bo ...
See also:Pontryagin duality, Pontryagin duality - Haar measure, Pontryagin duality - The dual group, Pontryagin duality - Fourier transform, Pontryagin duality - Examples, Pontryagin duality - The group algebra, Pontryagin duality - Plancherel and Fourier inversion theorems, Pontryagin duality - Bohr compactification and almost-periodicity, Pontryagin duality - Categorical considerations, Pontryagin duality - Non-commutative theory, Pontryagin duality - History Read more here: » Pontryagin duality: Encyclopedia II - Pontryagin duality - Haar measure |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Pontryagin duality - Plancherel and Fourier inversion theorems As we have stated, the dual group of a locally compact abelian group is a locally compact abelian group in its own right and thus has a Haar measure, or more precisely a whole family of scale-related Haar measures.
Theorem. There is a scaling of Haar measure on the dual group so that the Fourier transform restricted to continuous functions of compact support on G, is an isometric linear map. It has a unique extension to a unitary operator
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See also:Pontryagin duality, Pontryagin duality - Haar measure, Pontryagin duality - The dual group, Pontryagin duality - Fourier transform, Pontryagin duality - Examples, Pontryagin duality - The group algebra, Pontryagin duality - Plancherel and Fourier inversion theorems, Pontryagin duality - Bohr compactification and almost-periodicity, Pontryagin duality - Categorical considerations, Pontryagin duality - Non-commutative theory, Pontryagin duality - History Read more here: » Pontryagin duality: Encyclopedia II - Pontryagin duality - Plancherel and Fourier inversion theorems |
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| | | | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Force - Types of force There are four known fundamental forces in nature.
Nuclear forces acting between subatomic particles
Electromagnetic forces between electric charges
Weak forces arising from radioactive decay
Gravitational forces between masses
Quantum field theory accurately models the first three fundamental forces, but does not model quantum gravity. Quantum gravity on a large scale can, howe ...
See also:Force, Force - Elementary concepts, Force - Quantitative definition, Force - Types of force, Force - Properties of force, Force - Forces in theory, Force - Units of measurement, Force - Non-SI units of force and mass, Force - Conversions, Force - Forces in everyday life, Force - Forces in the laboratory, Force - Founding experiments, Force - Instruments to measure forces, Force - History Read more here: » Force: Encyclopedia II - Force - Types of force |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - History Since the word has both technical and political meanings, different groups will have differing histories of "globalization". In general use within the field of economics and political economy, however, it is a history of increasing trade between nations based on stable institutions that allow firms in different nations to exchange goods with minimal friction.
The term "liberalization" came to mean the combination of laissez-faire economic theory with the removal of barriers to the movement of goods. This led to specialization of natio ...
See also:Globalization, Globalization - Meanings, Globalization - History, Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization, Globalization - Characteristics, Globalization - Glocalization, Globalization - Anti-globalization, Globalization - Pro-globalization globalism, Globalization - Measurement of Globalization Read more here: » Globalization: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - History |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Decibel - Typical abbreviations
Decibel - Absolute measurements.
dBm or dBmW
dB(1 mW) — power measurement relative to 1 milliwatt.
dBW
dB(1 W) — same as dBm, with reference level of 1 watt.
dBu or dBv
dB(0.775 V) — (usually RMS) voltage amplitude referenced to 0.775 volt. Although dBu can be used with any impedance, dBu = dBm when the load is 600Ω. dBu is preferable, since dBv is easily confused with dBV. The "u" comes from "unlo ...
See also:Decibel, Decibel - Definition, Decibel - Standards, Decibel - Merits, Decibel - History of bels and decibels, Decibel - Uses, Decibel - Acoustics, Decibel - Electronics, Decibel - Optics, Decibel - Telecommunications, Decibel - Seismology, Decibel - Typical abbreviations, Decibel - Absolute measurements, Decibel - Relative measurements, Decibel - Reckoning, Decibel - Round numbers, Decibel - The 4 → 6 energy rule, Decibel - The 789 rule, Decibel - −3 dB ≈ ½ power, Decibel - 6 dB per bit, Decibel - Reference Read more here: » Decibel: Encyclopedia II - Decibel - Typical abbreviations |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Decibel - Typical abbreviations
Decibel - Absolute measurements.
dBm or dBmW
dB(1 mW) — power measurement relative to 1 milliwatt.
dBW
dB(1 W) — same as dBm, with reference level of 1 watt.
dBu or dBv
dB(0.775 V) — (usually RMS) voltage amplitude referenced to 0.775 volt. Although dBu can be used with any impedance, dBu = dBm when the load is 600Ω. dBu is preferable, since dBv is easily confused with dBV. The "u" comes from "unlo ...
See also:Decibel, Decibel - Definition, Decibel - Standards, Decibel - Merits, Decibel - History of bels and decibels, Decibel - Uses, Decibel - Acoustics, Decibel - Electronics, Decibel - Optics, Decibel - Telecommunications, Decibel - Seismology, Decibel - Typical abbreviations, Decibel - Absolute measurements, Decibel - Relative measurements, Decibel - Reckoning, Decibel - Round numbers, Decibel - The 4 → 6 energy rule, Decibel - The 789 rule, Decibel - −3 dB ≈ ½ power, Decibel - 6 dB per bit, Decibel - dB cheat sheet, Decibel - Reference Read more here: » Decibel: Encyclopedia II - Decibel - Typical abbreviations |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization There is much academic discussion about whether globalization is a real phenomenon or only an analytical artifact (a myth). Although the term is widespread, many authors argue that the characteristics attributed to globalization have already been seen at other moments in history. Also, many note that such features, including the increase in international trade and the greater role of multinational corporations, are not as deeply established as they may appear. For example, the United States global interventionist policy is also a stumbling p ...
See also:Globalization, Globalization - Meanings, Globalization - History, Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization, Globalization - Characteristics, Globalization - Glocalization, Globalization - Anti-globalization, Globalization - Pro-globalization globalism, Globalization - Measurement of Globalization Read more here: » Globalization: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Glocalization A term coined by Roland Robertson, glocalization describes a process whereby the "local" is integrated into the "global". This results in a heterigenization of cultures, as local quiditties of particular areas become disseminated around the world, and cultures clash with newly introduced cultural concepts, ideologies, practices, and so on. One keen example of glocalization is that of museums. Museums take local culture and history and prepare them for mass consumption, especially among tourists. Such manufacturing of local culture for mass consumption results in heterogenization, rather than homogenization, because it introd ...
See also:Globalization, Globalization - Meanings, Globalization - History, Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization, Globalization - Characteristics, Globalization - Glocalization, Globalization - Anti-globalization, Globalization - Pro-globalization globalism, Globalization - Measurement of Globalization Read more here: » Globalization: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Glocalization |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - History
Hebrew calendar - Biblical period.
Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times, but originally referred to the months by number rather than name. Only four pre-exilic month names appear in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible): Abib (first, literally "Spring"), Ziv (second), Ethanim (seventh), and Bul (eighth), and all are Canaanite names, and at least two are also Phoenician. It is possible that all of the months were initially identifiable by native Jewish numbers or foreign Canaanite/Phoenician names, ...
See also:Hebrew calendar, Hebrew calendar - History, Hebrew calendar - Biblical period, Hebrew calendar - Babylonian exile, Hebrew calendar - Second Temple era, Hebrew calendar - Roman Era, Hebrew calendar - Alexandrian Jewish calendar, Hebrew calendar - Transition period, Hebrew calendar - When does the year begin?, Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar, Hebrew calendar - Epoch, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of the month, Hebrew calendar - Pattern of calendar years, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of hours, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of lunar conjunctions/molads, Hebrew calendar - Metonic cycle, Hebrew calendar - Special holiday rules, Hebrew calendar - Karaite interpretation, Hebrew calendar - Accuracy Read more here: » Hebrew calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - History |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar
Hebrew calendar - Epoch.
The epoch of the modern Hebrew calendar is 1 Tishri AM 1 (AM = anno mundi = in the year of the world), which in the proleptic Julian calendar is Monday, October 7, 3761 BCE, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period). This date is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1. A minority place Creation on 25 Adar AM 1, six months earlier, or six months after the modern epoch. Thus adding 3760 to any Julian/Gregorian year number after 1 ...
See also:Hebrew calendar, Hebrew calendar - History, Hebrew calendar - Biblical period, Hebrew calendar - Babylonian exile, Hebrew calendar - Second Temple era, Hebrew calendar - Roman Era, Hebrew calendar - Alexandrian Jewish calendar, Hebrew calendar - Transition period, Hebrew calendar - When does the year begin?, Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar, Hebrew calendar - Epoch, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of the month, Hebrew calendar - Pattern of calendar years, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of hours, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of lunar conjunctions/molads, Hebrew calendar - Metonic cycle, Hebrew calendar - Special holiday rules, Hebrew calendar - Karaite interpretation, Hebrew calendar - Accuracy Read more here: » Hebrew calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - Accuracy The average length of the month assumed by the calendar is correct within a fraction of a second (although individual months may be a few hours longer or shorter than average). There will thus be no significant errors from this source for a very long time. However, the assumption that 19 tropical years exactly equal 235 months is wrong, so the average length of a 19 year cycle is too long (compared with 19 tropical years) by about 0.088 days or just over 2 hours. Thus on average the calendar gets further out of step with the tropical year by ...
See also:Hebrew calendar, Hebrew calendar - History, Hebrew calendar - Biblical period, Hebrew calendar - Babylonian exile, Hebrew calendar - Second Temple era, Hebrew calendar - Roman Era, Hebrew calendar - Alexandrian Jewish calendar, Hebrew calendar - Transition period, Hebrew calendar - When does the year begin?, Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar, Hebrew calendar - Epoch, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of the month, Hebrew calendar - Pattern of calendar years, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of hours, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of lunar conjunctions/molads, Hebrew calendar - Metonic cycle, Hebrew calendar - Special holiday rules, Hebrew calendar - Karaite interpretation, Hebrew calendar - Accuracy Read more here: » Hebrew calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - Accuracy |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Meanings
"Globalization" can mean:
Globalism, if the concept is reduced to its economic aspects, can be said to contrast with economic nationalism and protectionism. It is related to laissez-faire capitalism and neoliberalism.
It shares a number of characteristics with internationalization and is often used interchangeably, although some prefer to use globalization to emphasize the erosion of the nation-state or national boundaries.
Making connections between places on a global scale. Today, more and more places ...
See also:Globalization, Globalization - Meanings, Globalization - History, Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization, Globalization - Characteristics, Globalization - Glocalization, Globalization - Anti-globalization, Globalization - Pro-globalization globalism, Globalization - Measurement of Globalization Read more here: » Globalization: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Meanings |
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