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History of measurement | A Wisdom Archive on History of measurement | | History of measurement A selection of articles related to History of measurement | |
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History of measurement
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO History of measurement | | | |  History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Visual acuity expressionVisual acuity is often measured according to the size of letters viewed on a Snellen chart or the size of other symbols, such as Landolt Cs or Tumbling E.
In some countries, acuity is expressed as a vulgar fraction, and in some as a decimal number.
Using the foot as a unit of measurement, (fractional) visual acuity is expressed relative to 20/20. Otherwise, using the metre, visual acuity is expressed relative to 6/6. For all intents and purposes, 6/6 vision is equivalent to 20/20. In the decimal system, the acuity is defined as ...
See also:Visual acuity, Visual acuity - History, Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity, Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression, Visual acuity - Measurement, Visual acuity - Measurement considerations, Visual acuity - Normal vision Read more here: » Visual acuity: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Measurement Visual acuity is typically measured monocularly rather than binocularly with the aid of an optotype chart for distant vision, an optotype chart for near vision, and an occluder to cover the eye not being tested. The examiner may also occlude an eye by sliding a tissue behind the patient's eyeglasses, or instructing the patient to use his or her hand. This latter method is typically avoided in professional settings as it may inadvertently allow the patient to peek through his or her fingers, or press the eye and alter the measurement when tha ...
See also:Visual acuity, Visual acuity - History, Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity, Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression, Visual acuity - Measurement, Visual acuity - Measurement considerations, Visual acuity - Normal vision Read more here: » Visual acuity: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Measurement |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Measurement considerations Visual acuity measurement involves more than being able to see the optotypes. The patient should be cooperative, understand the optotypes, be able to comunicate with the physician, and many more. If any of these factors is missing, then the measurement will not represent the patient's real visual acuity.
Visual acuity is a subjective test meaning that if the patient is unwilling or unable to cooperate, the test cannot be done. A patient being sleepy, intoxicated, or having any disease that can alter the patient's conciousness or his mental status ca ...
See also:Visual acuity, Visual acuity - History, Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity, Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression, Visual acuity - Measurement, Visual acuity - Measurement considerations, Visual acuity - Normal vision Read more here: » Visual acuity: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Measurement considerations |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Measurement of Globalization To what extent a country is globalized in a particular year has until most recently been measured employing simple proxies like flows of trade, migration, or foreign direct investment. A more sophisticated approach to measuring globalization is the recent index calculated by the Swiss think tank KOF. The index measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political. In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, an overall index of globalization and sub-indices referring to actual economic flows, econom ...
See also:Globalization, Globalization - Meanings, Globalization - History, Globalization - Nature and existence of globalization, Globalization - Characteristics, Globalization - Glocalization, Globalization - Anti-globalization, Globalization - Pro-globalization globalism, Globalization - Measurement of Globalization Read more here: » Globalization: Encyclopedia II - Globalization - Measurement of Globalization |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Force - Forces in theory The total (Newtonian) force, in newtons, on an object at any given time is defined as the rate of change of the object's velocity multiplied by the object's mass:
where
m is the inertial mass of the particle (measured in kilograms)
vo is its initial velocity (measured in metres per second)
v is its final velocity (measured in metres per second)
T is the time from the initial state to the final state (measured in seconds);
Lim T→0 is the li ...
See also:Force, Force - Elementary concepts, Force - Quantitative definition, Force - Types of force, Force - Properties of force, Force - Forces in theory, Force - Units of measurement, Force - Non-SI units of force and mass, Force - Conversions, Force - Forces in everyday life, Force - Forces in the laboratory, Force - Founding experiments, Force - Instruments to measure forces, Force - History Read more here: » Force: Encyclopedia II - Force - Forces in theory |
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| | | | | | | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - History In 1843 Kuechler, a German ophthalmologist, developed a set of three charts, but his work was almost completely forgotten.
In 1854 Jaeger published a set of reading samples to document functional vision. He published samples in German, French, English and other languages. He used fonts that were available in the State Printing House in Vienna in 1854 and labeled them with the numbers from that printing house catalog.
In 1861 Donders coined the term visual acuity to describe the “sharpness of vision” and defined it as the ratio between a subject' ...
See also:Visual acuity, Visual acuity - History, Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity, Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression, Visual acuity - Measurement, Visual acuity - Measurement considerations, Visual acuity - Normal vision Read more here: » Visual acuity: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - History |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity Visual acuity is defined as the eye's ability to resolve fine details. To achieve this, the eye's optical system has to project a focused image on the clinical fovea, a region inside the clinical macula having the highest density of cone photoreceptors (the only kind of photoreceptors existing on the fovea), thus having the highest resolution and best color vision. Acuity and color vision, despite of being done by the same cells, are different physiologic functions that don't interrelate. Acuity and color vision can be ...
See also:Visual acuity, Visual acuity - History, Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity, Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression, Visual acuity - Measurement, Visual acuity - Measurement considerations, Visual acuity - Normal vision Read more here: » Visual acuity: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Normal vision Visual acuity depends upon how accurately light is focused on the retina (mostly the macular region), the integrity of the eye's neural elements, and the interpretative faculty of the brain [1]. "Normal" visual acuity is frequently considered to be what was defined by Snellen as the ability to recognize an optotype when it subtended 5 minutes of arc, that is Snellen's chart 20/20 feet, 6/6 meter, 1.00 decimal or 0.0 logMAR. In humans, the maximum acuity ...
See also:Visual acuity, Visual acuity - History, Visual acuity - Physiology of visual acuity, Visual acuity - Visual acuity expression, Visual acuity - Measurement, Visual acuity - Measurement considerations, Visual acuity - Normal vision Read more here: » Visual acuity: Encyclopedia II - Visual acuity - Normal vision |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Force - Forces in the laboratory
Force - Founding experiments.
Galileo Galilei used rolling balls to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion (1602 - 1607)
Henry Cavendish's torsion bar experiment measured the force of gravity between two masses (1798)
Force - Instruments to measure forces.
spring balance
pivot balance
forcemeter
...
See also:Force, Force - Elementary concepts, Force - Quantitative definition, Force - Types of force, Force - Properties of force, Force - Forces in theory, Force - Units of measurement, Force - Non-SI units of force and mass, Force - Conversions, Force - Forces in everyday life, Force - Forces in the laboratory, Force - Founding experiments, Force - Instruments to measure forces, Force - History Read more here: » Force: Encyclopedia II - Force - Forces in the laboratory |
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| | | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Hyperglycemia - Causes
Hyperglycemia - Diabetes.
Hyperglycemia is one of the classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, the others being frequent and excessive thirst accompanied by frequent and excessive urination. But caution: A hyperglycemic condition without other classic symptoms is not dispositive of a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, but hyperglycemia is also an independent medical condition with other causes.
By comparison to hyperglycemia as an independent non-diabetic condition, Diabetes mellitus, in its organic form ...
See also:Hyperglycemia, Hyperglycemia - Causes, Hyperglycemia - Diabetes, Hyperglycemia - Non-diabetic hyperglycemia, Hyperglycemia - History, Hyperglycemia - Measurement, Hyperglycemia - Common Symptoms of Diabetic Hyperglycemia Read more here: » Hyperglycemia: Encyclopedia II - Hyperglycemia - Causes |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Force - Units of measurement The SI unit used to measure force is the newton (symbol N), which is equivalent to kg·m·s−2.
Force - Non-SI units of force and mass.
The F=m·a relationship can be used with any consistent units (SI or CGS). If these units are not consistent, a more general form, F=k·m·a, can be used, where the constant k is a conversi ...
See also:Force, Force - Elementary concepts, Force - Quantitative definition, Force - Types of force, Force - Properties of force, Force - Forces in theory, Force - Units of measurement, Force - Non-SI units of force and mass, Force - Conversions, Force - Forces in everyday life, Force - Forces in the laboratory, Force - Founding experiments, Force - Instruments to measure forces, Force - History Read more here: » Force: Encyclopedia II - Force - Units of measurement |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Acre - Conversion An international acre is equivalent to exactly:
4 046.856 422 4 m² (SI unit)
40.468 564 224 a,
0.404 685 642 24 ha,
43 560 square feet,
4840 square yards,
160 square rods,
4 rood,
1/640 square mile,
a 10:1 rectangle of 1 furlong by 1 chain.
10 square chains.
An acre is equivalent to approximately:
a square of side ...
See also:Acre, Acre - UK definition, Acre - US definition, Acre - Related linear measurements, Acre - Conversion, Acre - History Read more here: » Acre: Encyclopedia II - Acre - Conversion |
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| | | | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Hyperglycemia - Common Symptoms of Diabetic Hyperglycemia If you have diabetes mellitus, the presence of these symptoms can indicate that blood sugar levels are too high:
Polyphagia (frequent hunger, especially pronounced hunger)
Polydipsia (frequent thirst, especially excessive thirst)
Polyuria (frequent urination, especially excessive urination)
But caution: Frequent hunger without the other two symptoms (which invariably occur together, absent renal complications, bladder infections, etc.), can also indicate that blood sugar levels are too l ...
See also:Hyperglycemia, Hyperglycemia - Causes, Hyperglycemia - Diabetes, Hyperglycemia - Non-diabetic hyperglycemia, Hyperglycemia - History, Hyperglycemia - Measurement, Hyperglycemia - Common Symptoms of Diabetic Hyperglycemia Read more here: » Hyperglycemia: Encyclopedia II - Hyperglycemia - Common Symptoms of Diabetic Hyperglycemia |
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| | | | | History of measurement: Encyclopedia II - Space fountain - History The concept originated in a conversation on a computer net in the 1980s when some scientists who usually work in artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky of MIT and John McCarthy and Hans Moravec of Stanford, were speculating about variations on the skyhook concept with some scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory who usually work on laser-initiated fusion, Roderick Hyde and Lowell Wood. As a means of supporting the upper end of a traditional space elevator at an altitude much less than geostationary, they proposed a ring of space ...
See also:Space fountain, Space fountain - History, Space fountain - Design, Space fountain - Construction, Space fountain - Safety measures, Space fountain - Variants, Space fountain - Near-term applications Read more here: » Space fountain: Encyclopedia II - Space fountain - History |
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