"Traditional Logic" generally means the textbook tradition that begins with Antoine Arnauld and Nicole's Logic, or the Art of Thinking, better known as the Port-Royal Logic. Published in 1662, it was the most influential work on logic in England until Mill's System of Logic in 1825 [N4]. The book presents a loosely Cartesian doctrine (that the proposition is a combining of ideas rather than terms, for example) within a framework that is broadly derived from Aristotelian and medieval term logic. Between 1664 and 1700 there were ...

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History of logic, History of logic - Logic in China, History of logic - Logic in India, History of logic - Logic in Greece, History of logic - Logic in Islamic philosophy, History of logic - Medieval Logic, History of logic - Traditional Logic, History of logic - The advent of modern logic

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History of logic, History of logic - Logic in China, History of logic - Logic in India, History of logic - Logic in Greece, History of logic - Logic in Islamic philosophy, History of logic - Medieval Logic, History of logic - Traditional Logic, History of logic - The advent of modern logic

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"Medieval Logic" (also known as "Scholastic Logic") generally means the form of Aristotelian logic developed in medieval Occident throughout the period c 1200-1600. The tradition was developed through textbooks such as that by Peter of Spain (fl. thirteenth century), whose exact identity is unknown, who was the author of a standard textbook on logic, the Tractatus which was well known in Europe for many centuries. The tradition reached its high point in the fourteenth century, with the works of ...

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History of logic, History of logic - Logic in China, History of logic - Logic in India, History of logic - Logic in Greece, History of logic - Logic in Islamic philosophy, History of logic - Medieval Logic, History of logic - Traditional Logic, History of logic - The advent of modern logic

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The roots of logic synthesis can be traced to the treatment of logic by George Boole (1815 to 1864), in what is now termed Boolean algebra. In 1938, Claude Shannon showed that the two-valued Boolean algebra can describe the operation of switching circuits. In the early days, logic design involved manipulating the truth table representations as Karnaugh maps. The Karnaugh map-based minimization of logic is guided by a set of rules on how entries in the maps can be combined. A human designer can ...

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Logic synthesis, Logic synthesis - History of Logic Synthesis, Logic synthesis - Behavioral synthesis, Logic synthesis - Multi Level Logic Minimization, Logic synthesis - Commercial logic synthesis

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Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow ...

Including:

Logic - Nature of logic
Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic Logic - Rival conceptions of logic Logic - History of logic Logic - Relation to other sciences Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning
Logic - Topics in logic
Logic - Syllogistic logic Logic - Predicate logic Logic - Modal logic Logic - Deduction and reasoning Logic - Mathematical logic Logic - Philosophical logic Logic - Logic and computation
Logic - Controversies in logic
Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle Logic - Implication: strict or material? Logic - Tolerating the impossible Logic - Is logic empirical?

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Logic started life as the MIDI sequencer C-Lab Creator on the Atari ST platform in the 1980s (the ST was an early favorite among MIDI users during the mid-80s). As the program advanced, and Music Notation was added,it was named Notator Logic, and then clipped to Logic. With increasingly powerful computing hardware becoming available to users throughout the 1990s, succeeding generations of the Logic software were released with ever more powerful inbuilt audio processing tools. New versions of Logic do much more than simply send and receive MI ...

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Logic Pro, Logic Pro - History of the Logic sequencer, Logic Pro - Discussion Forums

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The arithmetic logic unit/arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) of a computer's CPU is a part of the execution unit, a core component of all CPUs. ALUs are capable of calculating the results of a wide variety of basic arithmetical computations. Virtually all modern computer ALUs use the two's complement binary number representation (whereas some early computers used either one's complement or sign-magnitude format). Arithmetic logic unit - History. ENIAC designer, John Von Neumann, originally pro ...

Including:

Arithmetic logic unit - History Arithmetic logic unit - ALU operations Arithmetic logic unit - Inputs and outputs Arithmetic logic unit - Notes

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Abduction, or abductive reasoning, is the process of reasoning to the best explanations. In other words, it is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations. The term abduction is sometimes used to mean just the generation of hypotheses to explain observations or conclusions, but the former definition is more common both in philosophy and computing. Deduction and abduction differ in the direction in which a rule like “a entail ...

Including:

Abductive reasoning - Logic-based Abduction Abductive reasoning - Set-Cover Abduction Abductive reasoning - History of the concept Abductive reasoning - Applications

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Mathematical logic was the name given by Giuseppe Peano to what is also known as symbolic logic. In essentials, it is still the logic of Aristotle, but from the point of view of notation it is written as a branch of abstract algebra. Attempts to treat the operations of formal logic in a symbolic or algebraic way were made by some of the more philosophical mathematicians, such as Leibniz and Lambert; but their labors remained little known and isolated. It was George Boole and then Augustus De Morgan, in the middle of the ninetee ...

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Mathematical logic, Mathematical logic - History, Mathematical logic - Topics in mathematical logic, Mathematical logic - Some fundamental results, Mathematical logic - Technical reference, Mathematical logic - First-order languages and structures, Mathematical logic - Terms formulas and sentences, Mathematical logic - Assignment functions, Mathematical logic - Logical satisfaction, Mathematical logic - Logical implication and truth, Mathematical logic - Variable substitution, Mathematical logic - Substitutability

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The word random is used to express apparent lack of purpose, cause, or order. The term randomness is often used synonymously with a number of measurable statistical properties, such as lack of bias or correlation. Randomness has an important place in science and philosophy. Randomness - History. Humankind has been concerned with randomness since prehistoric times, mostly through divination (reading messages in random patterns) and gambling. The opposition between free will ...

Including:

Randomness - History Randomness - Randomness versus unpredictability Randomness - Misconceptions/logical fallacies
Randomness - A number is due Randomness - A number is cursed
Randomness - Study of randomness
Randomness - In philosophy Randomness - In biology Randomness - In the natural sciences Randomness - Source of randomness Randomness - In mathematics Randomness - In communication theory Randomness - In finance
Randomness - Applications and use of randomness Randomness - Generating randomness Randomness - Quotations Randomness - Books

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The Right Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was an influential British logician, philosopher, and mathematician, working mostly in the 20th century. A prolific writer, Bertrand Russell was also a populariser of philosophy and a commentator on a large variety of topics, ranging from very serious issues to the mundane. Continuing a family tradition in political affairs, he was a prominent liberal as well as a socialist and anti-war activist for most of his long life. ...

Including:

Bertrand Russell - Biography Bertrand Russell - Russell's philosophical work
Bertrand Russell - Analytic philosophy Bertrand Russell - Epistemology Bertrand Russell - Ethics Bertrand Russell - Logical atomism Bertrand Russell - Logic and mathematics Bertrand Russell - Philosophy of language Bertrand Russell - Philosophy of science Bertrand Russell - Religion and theology
Bertrand Russell - Influence on philosophy Bertrand Russell - Russell's activism
Bertrand Russell - Pacifism war and nuclear weapons Bertrand Russell - Communism and socialism Bertrand Russell - Women's suffrage Bertrand Russell - Sexuality Bertrand Russell - Eugenics and race
Bertrand Russell - Russell summing up his life Bertrand Russell - Comments about Russell
Bertrand Russell - As a man Bertrand Russell - As a philosopher Bertrand Russell - As a writer and his place in history Bertrand Russell - As a mathematician and logician Bertrand Russell - As an activist Bertrand Russell - As a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature Bertrand Russell - From a daughter
Bertrand Russell - Quotes Bertrand Russell - Asides Bertrand Russell - Succession

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Logic Programming is an idea that has been investigated in the context of artificial intelligence since at least the time of John McCarthy [1958] which proposed "programs to manipulate in a suitable formal language (most likely a part of the predicate calculus) common instrumental statements. The basic program will draw immediate conclusions from a list of premises. These conclusions will be either declarative or imperative sentences. When an imperative sentence is deduced the pr ...

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Logic programming, Logic programming - Basis in mathematical logic, Logic programming - Prolog, Logic programming - Limitations of Prolog as logic programming, Logic programming - Inductive logic, Logic programming - Application domains, Logic programming - History

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Because of its fundamental role in philosophy, the nature of logic has been the object of intense dispute: it is not possible clearly to delineate the bounds of logic in terms acceptable to all rival viewpoints. Despite that controversy, the study of logic has been very coherent and technically grounded. In this article, we first characterise logic by introducing fundamental ideas about form, then by outlining some schools of thought, as well as by giving a brief overview of logic's history, an account of its relationship to other sciences, and finally, an exposition of some of logic's essential concepts. Logic - I ...

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Logic, Logic - Nature of logic, Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic, Logic - Rival conceptions of logic, Logic - History of logic, Logic - Relation to other sciences, Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning, Logic - Topics in logic, Logic - Syllogistic logic, Logic - Predicate logic, Logic - Modal logic, Logic - Deduction and reasoning, Logic - Mathematical logic, Logic - Philosophical logic, Logic - Logic and computation, Logic - Controversies in logic, Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle, Logic - Implication: strict or material?, Logic - Tolerating the impossible, Logic - Is logic empirical?

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Just as we have seen there is disagreement over what logic is about, so there is disagreement about what logical truths there are. Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle. Main article: classical logic The logics discussed above are all "bivalent" or "two-valued"; that is, they are most naturally understood as dividing propositions into the true and the false propositions. Systems which rej ...

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Logic, Logic - Nature of logic, Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic, Logic - Rival conceptions of logic, Logic - History of logic, Logic - Relation to other sciences, Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning, Logic - Topics in logic, Logic - Syllogistic logic, Logic - Predicate logic, Logic - Modal logic, Logic - Deduction and reasoning, Logic - Mathematical logic, Logic - Philosophical logic, Logic - Logic and computation, Logic - Controversies in logic, Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle, Logic - Implication: strict or material?, Logic - Tolerating the impossible, Logic - Is logic empirical?

Read more here: » Logic: Encyclopedia II - Logic - Controversies in logic

Throughout history, there has been interest in distinguishing good from bad arguments, and so logic has been studied in some more or less familiar form. Aristotelian logic has principally been concerned with teaching good argument, and is still taught with that end today, while in mathematical logic and analytical philosophy much greater emphasis is placed on logic as an object of study in its own right, and so l ...

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Logic, Logic - Nature of logic, Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic, Logic - Rival conceptions of logic, Logic - History of logic, Logic - Relation to other sciences, Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning, Logic - Topics in logic, Logic - Syllogistic logic, Logic - Predicate logic, Logic - Modal logic, Logic - Deduction and reasoning, Logic - Mathematical logic, Logic - Philosophical logic, Logic - Logic and computation, Logic - Controversies in logic, Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle, Logic - Implication: strict or material?, Logic - Tolerating the impossible, Logic - Is logic empirical?

Read more here: » Logic: Encyclopedia II - Logic - Topics in logic

The first known logician who didn't fully accept the law of the excluded middle was Aristotle (De Interpretatione, ch. IX), though he didn't create a system of multi-valued logic. The law of excluded middle was accepted by stoic philosophers (the law may originate from one of them, Chrysippus). The later logicians until the coming of the 20th followed Aristotelian logic, except regarding the excluded middle. The 20th century brought the idea of multi-valued logic back. The Polish logician and philosopher Jan Łukasiewicz ...

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Multi-valued logic, Multi-valued logic - History, Multi-valued logic - Patents

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The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive industry. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles and trucks was accomplished using relays, timers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as the relay systems needed to be rewired by skilled electricians. In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal fo ...

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Programmable logic controller, Programmable logic controller - Digital vs. Analog Signals, Programmable logic controller - Example: Digital vs Analog, Programmable logic controller - How PLC's package I/O capabilities: Modular Rack P2P, Programmable logic controller - Programming, Programmable logic controller - PID loops, Programmable logic controller - User interface, Programmable logic controller - History

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In the early 1990s, Cirrus Logic was a leading supplier of low-cost PC graphics chips. Cirrus's Windows accelerators were among the fastest in the low-end market-segment, outperforming competing VGA-chips from Oak Technologies, Trident Microsystems, and Paradise (Western Digital). For example, the Cirrus GD-5422 (1992) supported hardware acceleration for both 256-color and high-color (65,536 color) display-modes, one of th ...

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Cirrus Logic, Cirrus Logic - Graphics history, Cirrus Logic - Graphics chipsets, Cirrus Logic - See Also

Read more here: » Cirrus Logic: Encyclopedia II - Cirrus Logic - Graphics history

When predicate logic was introduced to the mathematical community by Frege (and independently — and more influentially — by Peirce, who coined the term Second-order logic), he did use different variables to distinguish quantification over objects from quantification over properties and sets; but he did not see himself as doing two different kinds of logic. After the discovery of Russell's paradox it was realized that something was wrong with his system. Eventually logicians found that restricting Frege's logic in various ways—to ...

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Second-order logic, Second-order logic - Why second-order logic is not reducible to first-order logic, Second-order logic - Second-order logic and metalogical results, Second-order logic - The history and disputed value of second-order logic, Second-order logic - Power of the existential fragment on finite structures, Second-order logic - Applications to complexity

Read more here: » Second-order logic: Encyclopedia II - Second-order logic - The history and disputed value of second-order logic

Because of its fundamental role in philosophy, the nature of logic has been the object of intense disputation; and it is not possible to give a clear delineation of the bounds of logic in terms acceptable to all rival viewpoints. Nonetheless, the study of logic has, despite this controversy, been very coherent and technically grounded. Here we characterise logic, first by introducing the fundamental ideas about form and then by outlining some of the different schools of thought as well as giving a brief overview of its history, an account of its relationship to other sciences, and--finally--an expositi ...

See also:

Logic, Logic - Nature of logic, Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic, Logic - Rival conceptions of logic, Logic - History of logic, Logic - Relation to other sciences, Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning, Logic - Topics in logic, Logic - Syllogistic logic, Logic - Predicate logic, Logic - Modal logic, Logic - Deduction and reasoning, Logic - Mathematical logic, Logic - Philosophical logic, Logic - Logic and computation, Logic - Controversies in logic, Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle, Logic - Implication: strict or material?, Logic - Tolerating the impossible, Logic - Is logic empirical?

Read more here: » Logic: Encyclopedia II - Logic - Nature of logic