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History of Latvia | A Wisdom Archive on History of Latvia | | History of Latvia A selection of articles related to History of Latvia | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO History of Latvia | | | |  History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with ScotlandMain article: English Civil War
The first and foremost cause of the War was religion. When Charles became King in 1625 his Arminian style of Anglicanism and French Catholic wife seemed to herald a slide back toward Catholicism and popery. Additionally, he did not get along with Parliament, and unproductive sessions in the 1620s resulted in the closure of Parliament for 11 years. However, following the Scottish invasion in 1640 Charles was forced to call Parliament to raise money for an army. Parliament was furious and wanted it ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation In the 15th century, at the end of the Middle Ages, powerful states were appearing, built by the New Monarchs who were centralizing power in France, England, and Spain. On the other hand the Parliament in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth grew in power, taking legislative rights from the Polish king. Contrariwise, the Church was losing much of its power because of corruption, internal conflicts, and the spread of culture leading to the artistic, philosophical, ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Later Middle Ages Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy, leading to the economic and cultural growth of independent city states such as Venice and Florence; at the same time, nation-states began to take form in places such as France, England, Spain, and Portugal, although the process of their formation (usually marked by rivalry between the monarchy, the aristocratic feudal lords and the church) actually took several centuries. (See Reconquista for the latter two countr ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Later Middle Ages |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Rome Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies' inability to unite: the only real challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician colony of Carthage, but its defeat in the end of the 3rd century BC marked the start of Roman hegemony. First governed by kings, then as a senatorial republic (the Roman Republic), Rome finally became an empire at the end of the 1st century BC, under Augustus and his authoritarian successors. The Roman Empire had its centre in ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Rome |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Middle Ages Western Europe emerged as the site of a distinct civilization after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, as barbarian invasions separated it from the rest of the Mediterranean, where the Eastern Roman Empire (a.k.a. Byzantine Empire) survived for another millennium. In the 7th century the Arab expansion brought Islamic cultures to the southern Mediterranean shores (from Turkey to Sicily and Spain), further enlarging the differences between the various Mediterranean civilizations. Huge amounts of technology and learning we ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Middle Ages |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The French Revolution Main article: French Revolution
By the late 18th century France's finances were in disarray. Lavish royal expenditure and costly wars, such as the French intervention in the American war of Independence, had bankrupted the state. After repeated failed attempts at financial reform, Louis XVI was persuaded to convene the Estates-General, a representative body of the country made up of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The members of the Estates-General assembled in Versaille in May 1789, but the debate a ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The French Revolution |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientation, but some states were torn apart internally by religious strife, avidly fostered by their external enemies. France suffered this fate in the 16th century in the series of conflicts known as the French Wars of Religion, which ended in the triumph of the Bourbon Dynasty. England avoided this fate for a while and settled down under Elizabeth to a moderate Anglicanism. Germany, divided into numerous small sta ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe. It was held in Vienna from 1 October 1814, to 9 June 1815. The discussions continued despite Napoleon's return and the Congress's Final Act was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo. The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Congress of Vienna |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - Latvia - Geography Main article: Geography of Latvia
Large parts of Latvia are covered by forests, and the country has over 12,000 small rivers and over 3,000 lakes. Most of the country consists of fertile, low-lying plains with some hills in the east, the highest point being the Gaiziņkalns at 311 m.
An inlet of the Baltic Sea, the shallow Gulf of Riga is situated in the northwest of the country. The capital city Riga is located on the shores of this inlet, where the River Daugava flows into it. Other major cities include Daugavpils further upriver ...
See also:Latvia, Latvia - History, Latvia - Politics, Latvia - Districts, Latvia - Geography, Latvia - Economy, Latvia - Religion, Latvia - Demographics, Latvia - Language, Latvia - Culture, Latvia - Sports, Latvia - International rankings, Latvia - Miscellaneous topics, Latvia - Accomplishments Read more here: » Latvia: Encyclopedia II - Latvia - Geography |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - Latvia - Districts Main article: Districts of Latvia
Latvia is divided into 26 districts called rajons. 7 cities (lielpilsētas) have a separate status.
Aizkraukle District
Alūksne District
Balvi District
Bauska District
Cēsis District
Daugavpils
Daugavpils District
Dobele District
Gulbene District
Jēkabpils District
Jelgava
Jelgava District
Jūrmala
Krāslava District
Kuldīga District
Liep ...
See also:Latvia, Latvia - History, Latvia - Politics, Latvia - Districts, Latvia - Geography, Latvia - Economy, Latvia - Religion, Latvia - Demographics, Latvia - Language, Latvia - Culture, Latvia - Sports, Latvia - International rankings, Latvia - Miscellaneous topics, Latvia - Accomplishments Read more here: » Latvia: Encyclopedia II - Latvia - Districts |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - Latvia - Politics Main article: Politics of Latvia
The 100-seat unicameral Latvian parliament, the Saeima, is elected by direct, popular vote every four years. The president is elected by the Saeima in a separate election also every four years. The president invites a prime minister who, together with his cabinet, forms the executive branch of the government, which has to receive a confidence vote by the Saeima.
On September 20, 2003, in a nationwide referendum 66.9% of the participants voted in favour of joining the European Union. Latvia became a full-fledged member of the European Union on May 1, 2004. Latvia is ...
See also:Latvia, Latvia - History, Latvia - Politics, Latvia - Districts, Latvia - Geography, Latvia - Economy, Latvia - Religion, Latvia - Demographics, Latvia - Language, Latvia - Culture, Latvia - Sports, Latvia - International rankings, Latvia - Miscellaneous topics, Latvia - Accomplishments Read more here: » Latvia: Encyclopedia II - Latvia - Politics |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars After the relative peace of most of the 19th Century, the rivalry between European powers exploded in 1914, when World War I started. On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (the Central Powers/Triple Alliance), while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente - the loose coalition of France, the United Kingdom and Russia, which were joined by Italy in 1915 and by the United States in 1917. Despite the defeat of Russia in 1917 (the war was one of the major causes of the Russian Revolution, leading to the formation of the communist So ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War World War I and especially World War II ended the pre-eminent position of western Europe. The map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided as it became the principal zone of contention in the Cold War between the two power blocs, the capitalistic Western_countries and the communist Soviet Union. The U.S. and Western Europe (theUnited Kingdom, France, Italy, West Germany, etc.) established the NATO alliance as a protection against a possible Soviet invasion. Later, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, East Germany) establis ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union The process of European integration was slow due to the reluctance of most nation states to give up their sovereignty. However, the process began to accelerate in the early 21st century. Whereas the European Union started out as a loose economic alliance among European nations, the European Union took further steps to more closely integrate the member states, and make the EU into a more supranational organisation.
At the turn of the century, nations within the European Union had created a free trade zone and eliminated most travel bar ...
See also:History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence A liberalisation within the communist regime began in the mid 1980s in the USSR. In Latvia there immediately appeared a few mass socio-political organisations that made use of this opportunity – Tautas Fronte (Popular Front of Latvia), Latvijas Nacionālās Neatkarības Kustība (The Movement for National Independence), Pilsoņu Kongress (The Congress of Citizens of Latvia). These groups were for the reinstatement of National Independence.
In 1989, on the 23rd August, 50 years had passed since the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop p ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence |
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| | | | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - German Period Because of its strategic geographic location, Latvian territory has always been invaded by other larger nations, and this situation has defined the fate of Latvia and its people.
At the end of the 1100s, Latvia was more often visited by traders from western Europe who set out on trading journeys along Latvia's longest river, the Daugava, to Russia. At the very end of the 12th century, German traders arrived and with them came preachers of the Christian faith who attempted to convert the pagan Baltic and Finno-Ugrian tribes to the Chri ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - German Period |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period The 1500s were a time of great changes for the inhabitants of Latvia, notable for the reformation and the collapse of the Livonian nation. After the Livonian War (1558-1583) today's Latvian territory came under Polish-Lithuanian rule. The Lutheran faith was accepted in Kurzeme, Zemgale and Vidzeme, but the Roman Catholic faith maintained its dominance in Latgale – it remains so to this day.
In the 1600s, the Duchy of Courland, once a part of Livonia, experienced a notable economic boom. It established two colonies – an island in t ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period |
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| | | | | History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Russian Period At the beginning of the 1700s, the Great Northern War broke out. The course of this war was directly linked with today's Latvian territory and the territorial claims of the Russian Empire. One of its goals was to secure the famous and rich town of Riga. In 1710, the Russian Tsar, Peter I, managed to secure Vidzeme. Through Vidzeme to Riga, Russia obtained a clear passage to Europe. By the end of the 18th century, due to the Polish Partition ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Russian Period |
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