History of Hungary

History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526. Hungary was established as a Christian kingdom under Stephen I of Hungary, who was crowned in December 1000 AD or January 1001 AD. He was the son of Géza and thus a descendant of Árpád. By 1006, Stephen had solidified his power, eliminating all rivals who either wanted to follow the old pagan traditions or wanted an alliance with the orthodox Christian Byzantine Empire. Then he started sweeping reforms to convert Hungar ...

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History of Hungary, History of Hungary - Origins of the Hungarian state, History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526, History of Hungary - Early modern times 1526 - 1718, History of Hungary - 18th century 1718 - 1780, History of Hungary - Enlightenment 1780 - 1848, History of Hungary - The 1848 Revolution 1848 - 1849, History of Hungary - After the revolution 1849 - 1867, History of Hungary - Austria - Hungary 1867 - 1918, History of Hungary - Reds and Whites 1918-1919, History of Hungary - The Regency 1920 - 1944, History of Hungary - World War II, History of Hungary - Hungary's second communist government 1944-1956, History of Hungary - 1956 Revolution, History of Hungary - Changes under Kádár, History of Hungary - Transition to democracy, History of Hungary - Free Elections and a Democratic Hungary

Read more here: » History of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of Hungary - The Kingdom of Hungary

"The Charter of Kulin" is a symbolic "birth certificate" of Bosnian statehood, as it is the first written document that talks of Bosnian borders (between the rivers of Drina, Sava and Una) and of the elements of the Bosnian state: its ruler, throne and political organization. The Charter was a trade agreement between Bosnia and republic of Dubrovnik. Kulin died in 1204. His policy was not successfully cont ...

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Ban Kulin, Ban Kulin - The Charter

Read more here: » Ban Kulin: Encyclopedia II - Ban Kulin - The Charter

On December 25, 1000 (other sources: January 1, 1001), the Grand Prince Stephen was crowned (the first) King of Hungary (1000–1038) by order of Pope Sylvester II. Between 997 and c. 1006, he managed to unify Hungary, by subjugating Transylvania and other domains that had been ruled by Hungarian tribal chieftains. He introduced the county (comitatus) system, founded an ecclesiastic organization with ten bishoprics and the archbishopric of Esztergom, and introduced taxes for common people, the minting of coins (initially in Bratislava), and the official use of Latin, which remained the official language of Hungary till 1836. He moved his ...

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Árpáds, Árpáds - 10th century, Árpáds - 11th century, Árpáds - 12th century, Árpáds - 13th century

Read more here: » Árpáds: Encyclopedia II - Árpáds - 11th century

The first Slavs came to the central part of Carpathian Ruthenia probably in the 6th century. A denser Slavic population followed in the 8th century. In the 9th century the western part of the territory was part of Great Moravia, and in the 10th-11th centuries Carpathian Rus was a border region between newly-created Hungary and Kievan Rus'. From the mid-11th century, Carpathian Rus was part of the Kingdom of Hungary (the Hungarian counties ...

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Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpathian Ruthenia - Historic overview, Carpathian Ruthenia - Nomenclature, Carpathian Ruthenia - Ruthenians of Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpathian Ruthenia - Minority groups, Carpathian Ruthenia - Hungarians, Carpathian Ruthenia - Jews, Carpathian Ruthenia - Gypsies, Carpathian Ruthenia - Western view on Ruthenia, Carpathian Ruthenia - Cities and towns in Carpathian Ruthenia

Read more here: » Carpathian Ruthenia: Encyclopedia II - Carpathian Ruthenia - Historic overview

Also see: Habsburg Monarchy History of Austria - Beginnings 1278-1526. Following the extinction of the Babenbergs in the 13th century, Austria came briefly under the rule of the Czech King Otakar II. Contesting the election of Rudolf I of Habsburg as Emperor, Otakar was defeated and killed by the German King, who took Austria and gave it to his sons in 1278. Austria was ruled by the Habsburgs for the next 640 years. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in ...

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History of Austria, History of Austria - Early history, History of Austria - Early middle ages, History of Austria - Babenberg Austria, History of Austria - The Habsburg Monarchy 13th century–1918, History of Austria - Beginnings 1278-1526, History of Austria - The Reformation and Austria's Rise to Power 1526-1714, History of Austria - Charles VI and Maria Theresa 1711-1780, History of Austria - The Reigns of Joseph II and Leopold II 1780-1792, History of Austria - The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon 1792-1814, History of Austria - The Nineteenth Century 1815-1918, History of Austria - The First Republic 1918–1934, History of Austria - Austrofascism 1934–1938, History of Austria - Part of Nazi Germany 1938–1945, History of Austria - The Second Republic since 1945, History of Austria - Allied occupation, History of Austria - Independence and political development during the Second Republic, History of Austria - The 90s and the recent past, History of Austria - Reference

Read more here: » History of Austria: Encyclopedia II - History of Austria - The Habsburg Monarchy 13th century–1918

Treaty of Trianon - Demographic consequences. According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were the Magyars (usually called "Hungarians" in English), who were approximately 48% of the entire population (and 54% of the population of the so called "proper Hungary" excluding Croatia-Slavonia). The Kingdom of Hungary was not a nation-state as were many Western European nations. Some demographers, however, believe that the 1910 census overstated the percentage of the Magyar popul ...

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Treaty of Trianon, Treaty of Trianon - Frontiers of Hungary, Treaty of Trianon - Consequences of the treaty, Treaty of Trianon - Demographic consequences, Treaty of Trianon - Political consequences, Treaty of Trianon - Other consequences

Read more here: » Treaty of Trianon: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Trianon - Consequences of the treaty

Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Opposition. 1847: Liberal oppositionals, like Ferenc Deák and Lajos Kossuth formed the Opposition (Ellenzék). 1849: The party is banned Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Radical Party. 1849: Radical liberals formed the illegal Radical Party (Radical Pá ...

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Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Introduction, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - The timeline, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Opposition, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Radical Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - From Adress Party to Liberal Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - From Extreme Left to Kossuth Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Independence Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - From Independent Liberal Party to National Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - From Communal Democratic Party to Civic Democratic Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Left Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Countrywide Republican Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Independence and 1948 Károlyi Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Countrywide Civic Radical Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Liberal Citizens'Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - From Independence Party of Smallholders Agrarian Workers and Citizens to Civic Freedom Party, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Alliance of Free Democrats, Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - Liberal leaders

Read more here: » Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary - The timeline

Names of the territory that (with some exceptions) finally became Austria-Hungary: Habsburg monarchy or Austrian monarchy (1526 – 1867) : This was an unofficial, but very frequent name - even at that time. The entity had no official name. Note that technically the term Habsburg monarchy can also refer to the period 1276-1918 when the Habsburgs ruled in the monarchy centered in present-day Austria, and Austrian monarchy can refer to the monarchy centered in present-day Austria 1156 – 1867, but both terms ar ...

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Habsburg Monarchy, Habsburg Monarchy - Terminology, Habsburg Monarchy - Territories, Habsburg Monarchy - Characteristics, Habsburg Monarchy - Habsburg territories outside the Habsburg Monarchy, Habsburg Monarchy - History, Habsburg Monarchy - Rulers of the Habsburg Monarchy 1526-1918

Read more here: » Habsburg Monarchy: Encyclopedia II - Habsburg Monarchy - Terminology

In 1940, Hungary prepared to go to war with Romania to regain another lost province, Transylvania. Again, Hitler intervened on Horthy's behalf and gave Hungary half of the disputed territory without firing a shot. In April of 1941, Hungary became a full member of the Axis, participating together with Germany and Bulgaria in the invasion of Yugoslavia (in protest against this, Prime-Minister Pál Teleki committed suicide). In 1942 Horthy decided to open negotiations with the Allies. The secret delegation was led by Albert Szent-Györgyi, and ...

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Miklós Horthy, Miklós Horthy - Early Life and Naval Career, Miklós Horthy - Dates of rank and assigments, Miklós Horthy - Interwar Period 1919-1939, Miklós Horthy - World War II, Miklós Horthy - Horthy Hungary and the Holocaust, Miklós Horthy - Post-War Life

Read more here: » Miklós Horthy: Encyclopedia II - Miklós Horthy - World War II

In 375 AD, the nomadic Huns, a Mongolian or Turkic people, began invading Europe from the eastern steppes, instigating the Great Age of Migrations. In 380, the Huns penetrated into present-day Hungary, and remained an important factor in the region well into the 400s. Around the same time (379-395), the Roman Empire allowed the groups of "barbarian" Goths, Alans, Huns, Marcomanni and Quadi to settle Pannonia, which still was a Roman territory. The Visigoths, Alans, Vandals and most of the Quadi and Marcomanni, ...

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Hungary before the Magyars, Hungary before the Magyars - Stone Age, Hungary before the Magyars - Iron Age c. 700 BC - 9 BC, Hungary before the Magyars - Roman period 9 BC - c. 4th century, Hungary before the Magyars - The Age of Migrations 375 - ca. 800 AD, Hungary before the Magyars - Arrival of the Magyars after 896, Hungary before the Magyars - Some alternative theories

Read more here: » Hungary before the Magyars: Encyclopedia II - Hungary before the Magyars - The Age of Migrations 375 - ca. 800 AD

From as early as the 9th century, the lands inhabited by Karantanians, later Slovenes, fell under non-Karantanian ruler, including partial but co-operative control by Bavarian dukes and by the Republic of Venice. The Slovenes living in the provinces of Carinthia, Carniola and Styria, lived under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty from the 14th century until 1918, with the exception of Napoleon's 4-year tutelage of parts of mode ...

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History of Slovenia, History of Slovenia - Ancient times, History of Slovenia - Karantania, History of Slovenia - German domination, History of Slovenia - 20th century, History of Slovenia - Reference

Read more here: » History of Slovenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Slovenia - German domination

History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740. The imperial troops recaptured Buda on September 2, 1686; and in the following years the whole of Hungary now came under the rule of the House of Hapsburg. After the troops of Leopold had driven out the Turks, the king would not suffer any but Catholics in the reconquered counties; and Protestants, Jews, and Muslims renounced their faiths. As the devastated country had to be repopulated, Bishop Count Leopold Kollonitsch, subsequently A ...

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History of the Jews in Hungary, History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095, History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300, History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526, History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700, History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740, History of the Jews in Hungary - Population in 1735, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Maria Theresa 1740-1780, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Joseph II 1780-1790, History of the Jews in Hungary - Toleration and Repression 1790-1847, History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution, History of the Jews in Hungary - Brief Emancipation and Aftermath 1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Struggles for a second emancipation 1859-1867, History of the Jews in Hungary - 20th Century: Persecution and destruction, History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust, History of the Jews in Hungary - Communist Rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Today

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule

The end of the war saw Hungary turned into a landlocked nation, and hence the new government had little need for Horthy's services. However, he was still regarded by his people as a war hero, and this status paid off in 1919, when the Communist Béla Kun seized power in the Hungarian capital of Budapest. Horthy became head of the armed forces of the counter-revolutionary government established on April 10 in the eastern city of Szeged (occupied by French forces). As the head of the newly organised National Army, he decided to spare his force ...

See also:

Miklós Horthy, Miklós Horthy - Early Life and Naval Career, Miklós Horthy - Dates of rank and assigments, Miklós Horthy - Interwar Period 1919-1939, Miklós Horthy - World War II, Miklós Horthy - Horthy Hungary and the Holocaust, Miklós Horthy - Post-War Life

Read more here: » Miklós Horthy: Encyclopedia II - Miklós Horthy - Interwar Period 1919-1939

Under the foreign kings who occupied the throne of Hungary on the extinction of the house of Arpad, the Hungarian Jews suffered many persecutions; and at the time of the Black Death (1349) they were expelled from the country. Although the Jews were immediately readmitted, they were again persecuted, and were once more expelled in 1360 by King Louis the Great of Anjou (1342-1382) on the failure of his attempt to convert them to Catholicism. They were graciously received by Alexander the Good ...

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History of the Jews in Hungary, History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095, History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300, History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526, History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700, History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740, History of the Jews in Hungary - Population in 1735, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Maria Theresa 1740-1780, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Joseph II 1780-1790, History of the Jews in Hungary - Toleration and Repression 1790-1847, History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution, History of the Jews in Hungary - Brief Emancipation and Aftermath 1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Struggles for a second emancipation 1859-1867, History of the Jews in Hungary - 20th Century: Persecution and destruction, History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust, History of the Jews in Hungary - Communist Rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Today

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526

King Coloman (1095-1114), the successor of St. Ladislaus, renewed the Szabolcs decree of 1092, adding further prohibitions against the employment of Christian slaves and domestics. He also restricted the Jews to cities with episcopal sees-—probably to have them under the continuous supervision of the Church. Soon after the promulgation of this decree, Crusaders came to Hungary; but the Hungarians did not sympathize with them, and Coloman even opposed them. The infuriated Crusaders attacked some cities, and if Gedaliah ibn Yaḥya is to be believed, the Jews suffered a fat ...

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History of the Jews in Hungary, History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095, History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300, History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526, History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700, History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740, History of the Jews in Hungary - Population in 1735, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Maria Theresa 1740-1780, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Joseph II 1780-1790, History of the Jews in Hungary - Toleration and Repression 1790-1847, History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution, History of the Jews in Hungary - Brief Emancipation and Aftermath 1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Struggles for a second emancipation 1859-1867, History of the Jews in Hungary - 20th Century: Persecution and destruction, History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust, History of the Jews in Hungary - Communist Rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Today

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300

It is not definitely known when Jews first settled in Hungary. According to legend, King Decebalus of Dacia permitted the Jews who aided him in his war against Rome to settle in his territory. A Latin inscription, the epitaph of Septima Maria, discovered within the territory of the ancient province of Pannonia, clearly refers to Jewish matters. But, although it may be unhesitatingly assumed that Jews came to Hungary while the Roman emperors held sway in that country, there is nothing to indicate that at that time they had settled there permanently. In the Hungarian language t ...

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History of the Jews in Hungary, History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095, History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300, History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526, History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700, History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740, History of the Jews in Hungary - Population in 1735, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Maria Theresa 1740-1780, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Joseph II 1780-1790, History of the Jews in Hungary - Toleration and Repression 1790-1847, History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution, History of the Jews in Hungary - Brief Emancipation and Aftermath 1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Struggles for a second emancipation 1859-1867, History of the Jews in Hungary - 20th Century: Persecution and destruction, History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust, History of the Jews in Hungary - Communist Rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Today

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095

Among the many alternative theories on the origin of the Magyars(which may contradict each other), there are three main theories involving the arrival of Magyars to the Carpathian Basin before the 9th century. None of these theories were officialy accepted in Hungary. The last two theories are extremely marginal. Theory of Gyula László: The Hungarian archeologist Gyula László has proposed a very controversial theory, also known as "theory of double conquest”, in recent decades. He has argued that the Magyars arrived in tw ...

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Hungary before the Magyars, Hungary before the Magyars - Stone Age, Hungary before the Magyars - Iron Age c. 700 BC - 9 BC, Hungary before the Magyars - Roman period 9 BC - c. 4th century, Hungary before the Magyars - The Age of Migrations 375 - ca. 800 AD, Hungary before the Magyars - Arrival of the Magyars after 896, Hungary before the Magyars - Some alternative theories

Read more here: » Hungary before the Magyars: Encyclopedia II - Hungary before the Magyars - Some alternative theories

Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory of present-day countries: Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today, the term Pannonia is usually used for what is called Transdanubia (Dunántúl) in Hungary and for the northern parts of former Yugos ...

Including:

• Pannonia - History

Read more here: » Pannonia: Encyclopedia - Pannonia

The Roman Empire subdued the Pannonians, Dacians, Celts and other peoples in this territory. The territory west of the Danube was conquered by the Roman Empire between 35 and 9 BC, and became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of Pannonia. The easternmost parts of present-day Hungary were later (106 AD) organized as the Roman province of Dacia (lasting until 271). The territory between the Danube and the Tisza was inhabited by the Sarmatian Iazyges between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, or even earlier (earliest remains have been d ...

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Hungary before the Magyars, Hungary before the Magyars - Stone Age, Hungary before the Magyars - Iron Age c. 700 BC - 9 BC, Hungary before the Magyars - Roman period 9 BC - c. 4th century, Hungary before the Magyars - The Age of Migrations 375 - ca. 800 AD, Hungary before the Magyars - Arrival of the Magyars after 896, Hungary before the Magyars - Some alternative theories

Read more here: » Hungary before the Magyars: Encyclopedia II - Hungary before the Magyars - Roman period 9 BC - c. 4th century

The Turks vanquished the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs (August 29, 1526), on which occasion Louis II was slain. When the news of his death reached the capital, Ofen, the court and the nobles fled together with some rich Jews, among them the prefect. When the grand vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, preceding Sultan Sulaiman, arrived with his army at Ofen, the representatives of the Jews who had remained in the city appeared garbed in mourning before him, and, begging for grace, handed him the keys of the deserted and unprotected castle in token of ...

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History of the Jews in Hungary, History of the Jews in Hungary - Earliest references through 1095, History of the Jews in Hungary - Early history 1100-1300, History of the Jews in Hungary - Expulsion recall and persecution 1349-1526, History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700, History of the Jews in Hungary - Hapsburg rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740, History of the Jews in Hungary - Population in 1735, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Maria Theresa 1740-1780, History of the Jews in Hungary - Under Joseph II 1780-1790, History of the Jews in Hungary - Toleration and Repression 1790-1847, History of the Jews in Hungary - Revolution and Emancipation 1848-1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Jews and the Hungarian Revolution, History of the Jews in Hungary - Brief Emancipation and Aftermath 1849, History of the Jews in Hungary - Struggles for a second emancipation 1859-1867, History of the Jews in Hungary - 20th Century: Persecution and destruction, History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust, History of the Jews in Hungary - Communist Rule, History of the Jews in Hungary - Today

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Hungary: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Hungary - During the war with the Ottomans 1526-cca. 1700