History of Germany

Main article: Holy Roman Empire. History of Germany - Middle Ages. From 772 to 814 king Charlemagne extended the Carolingian empire into northern Italy and the territories of all west Germanic peoples, including the Saxons and the Bajuwari (Bavarians). In 800 Charlemagne's authority in Western Europe was confirmed by his coronation as emperor in Rome. The Holy Roman Empire was established. The Frankish empire was divided into counties, and its frontiers were protected by border Marches. Imperial strongholds (Kaiserpfalzen) became econo ...

See also:

History of Germany, History of Germany - The Germans and the Romans, History of Germany - Holy Roman Empire, History of Germany - Middle Ages, History of Germany - Reformation and Thirty Years War, History of Germany - End of the Holy Roman Empire, History of Germany - German Confederation, History of Germany - Restoration and Revolution, History of Germany - North German Confederation, History of Germany - German Empire, History of Germany - Age of Bismarck, History of Germany - Wilhelminian Era, History of Germany - Weimar Republic, History of Germany - Third Reich, History of Germany - Nazi revolution or 'Seizure of Power', History of Germany - Expansion and defeat, History of Germany - Germany since 1945

Read more here: » History of Germany: Encyclopedia II - History of Germany - Holy Roman Empire

The Berlin Blockade, one of the major crises of the Cold War, occurred from June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 when the Soviet Union blocked Western railroad and street access to West Berlin. The crisis abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin following the Soviet blockade. The Berlin Airlift was one of the biggest airlifts in history, transferring supplies to 2.2 million inhabitants. Berlin Blockade - Origi ...

Including:

• Berlin Blockade - Origins
• Berlin Blockade - Post-war division of Germany
• Berlin Blockade - The dispute over Berlin
• Berlin Blockade - The Berlin Airlift
• Berlin Blockade - British operation
• Berlin Blockade - External link

Read more here: » Berlin Blockade: Encyclopedia - Berlin Blockade

Weimar Republic refers to the years (1919-1933) in German history. Politically and economically, the nation struggled with the terms and reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles (1918) that ended World War I, and endured punishing levels of inflation. 1920s Berlin was at the hectic center of the Weimar Culture. The fourteen years of the Weimar were also marked by explosive intellectual productivity. German artists made significant cultural contributions in the fields of literature, art, architecture, music, dance, drama, and the new medium of the motion picture. Political theorist Ernst Bloc ...

Including:

• Weimar culture - Notable Cultural Figures of the Weimar Era
• Weimar culture - Art
• Weimar culture - Architecture
• Weimar culture - Literature
• Weimar culture - Music
• Weimar culture - Theater and Film
• Weimar culture - Intellectuals

Read more here: » Weimar culture: Encyclopedia - Weimar culture

The Bavarian Soviet Republic (Bayerische Räterepublik)—also known as the Munich Soviet Republic (Münchner Räterepublik)—was a short-lived revolutionary government in the German state of Bavaria in 1919 that sought to replace the fledgling Weimar Republic in its early days. Bavarian Soviet Republic - History. On 7 November 1918, the anniversary of the Russian October Revolution, Kurt Eisner of the USPD declared Bavaria a "free state" - a declaration which overthrew the mon ...

Including:

• Bavarian Soviet Republic - History

Read more here: » Bavarian Soviet Republic: Encyclopedia - Bavarian Soviet Republic

Wehrmacht (listen) ▶ (help·info) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. The Wehrmacht of World War II was comprised of the army (das Heer), the navy (die Kriegsmarine), the air force (die Luftwaffe). Waffen-SS ("SS in arms") units were occasionally subordinated to the Wehrmacht. Wehrmacht - Background. The German word Wehrmacht (literally "defence force") was ...

Including:

• Wehrmacht - Background
• Wehrmacht - History
• Wehrmacht - Command structure
• Wehrmacht - War years
• Wehrmacht - Rebellion
• Wehrmacht - War crimes
• Wehrmacht - Prominent members
• Wehrmacht - After World War II
• Wehrmacht - Reference

Read more here: » Wehrmacht: Encyclopedia - Wehrmacht

Germany This article is part of the series: Politics of Germany Constitution Bundestag (Parliament) Bundesrat (Federal Council) Federal Convention Constitutional Court Federal Court of Justice President: Horst Köhler Chancellor: Angela Merkel Cabinet States of Germany Districts of Germany Elections Political parties ...

Including:

• Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler North German Confederation 1867-1871
• Chancellor of Germany - Reichskanzler 1871-1945
• Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the German Empire 1871-1919
• Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Weimar Republic 1919-1933
• Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Nazi Era 1933-1945
• Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler since 1949
• Chancellor of Germany - Appointment mechanism
• Chancellor of Germany - Votes of no-confidence
• Chancellor of Germany - The chancellor's role
• Chancellor of Germany - List of Chancellors since 1949

Read more here: » Chancellor of Germany: Encyclopedia - Chancellor of Germany

Image:Smalbldg.jpg The Allied Control Council or Allied Control Authority, known in German as the Alliierter Kontrollrat, was a military occupation governing body of Germany after the end of World War II in Europe; the members were the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. France was later added with a vote but had no duties. The Allied Control Council was based in Berlin-Schöneberg. Allied Control Council - Creation. After the death of Adolf Hitler, Karl Dönitz bec ...

Including:

• Allied Control Council - Creation
• Allied Control Council - Operation
• Allied Control Council - The building
• Allied Control Council - Bibliography
• Allied Control Council - Notes

Read more here: » Allied Control Council: Encyclopedia - Allied Control Council

Charles XI of Sweden had carefully provided against the contingency of his successor's minority; and the five regents appointed by him, if not great statesmen, were at least practical politicians who ha not been trained in his austere school in vain. At home the "Reduktion" was cautiously pursued, while abroad the successful conclusion of the great peace congress at Ryswick was justly regarded as a signal triumph of Sweden's pacific diplomacy. The young king was full of promise, and had he been permitted gradually to gain experience and deve ...

See also:

Sweden after the Great Northern War, Sweden after the Great Northern War - The Great Northern War, Sweden after the Great Northern War - The Age of Liberty, Sweden after the Great Northern War - Arvid Horn, Sweden after the Great Northern War - Hats and Caps, Sweden after the Great Northern War - The Pomeranian War

Read more here: » Sweden after the Great Northern War: Encyclopedia II - Sweden after the Great Northern War - The Great Northern War

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Important differences to the Weimar Constitution. Basic rights are fundamental to the Basic Law, very much in contrast to the Weimar Constitution which listed them merely as "state objectives." Under the premise to respect human dignity, all state power is directly bound to guarantee these basic rights. Article 1 Basic Law (GG)--as well as the general principles of the state in Article 20 GG--remain under the guarantee of perpetuity stated in Article 79 Paragraph 3, ...

See also:

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - History, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - First sentence of the Basic Law, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Content, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Important differences to the Weimar Constitution, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Development of the Basic Law since 1949, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Analysis: Importance and Criticism, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Early elections, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Referenda

Read more here: » Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany: Encyclopedia II - Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany - Content

In the wake of the First World War and subsquent economic depression, many German voters began turning their support towards Adolf Hitler's radical Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal for the fledgling country. On January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg after attempts by General Kurt von Schleicher to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son Oskar, as well as intrigue from former Chancello ...

See also:

Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany - Chronology of events, Nazi Germany - Pre-War Politics 1933-1939, Nazi Germany - Consolidation of power, Nazi Germany - Social policy, Nazi Germany - Economic policy, Nazi Germany - World War II, Nazi Germany - Aftermath, Nazi Germany - Organization of the Third Reich, Nazi Germany - Head of State and Chief Executive, Nazi Germany - Cabinet and national authorities, Nazi Germany - Reich Offices, Nazi Germany - Reich Ministries, Nazi Germany - Occupation authorities, Nazi Germany - Legislative Branch, Nazi Germany - Military, Nazi Germany - Paramilitary organisations, Nazi Germany - National police, Nazi Germany - Political organizations, Nazi Germany - Service organizations, Nazi Germany - Religious organisations, Nazi Germany - Academic organizations, Nazi Germany - Prominent persons in Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany - Nazi Party and Nazi government leaders and officials, Nazi Germany - SS personnel, Nazi Germany - Military, Nazi Germany - Other, Nazi Germany - Noted victims, Nazi Germany - Noted refugees, Nazi Germany - Noted survivors

Read more here: » Nazi Germany: Encyclopedia II - Nazi Germany - Pre-War Politics 1933-1939

Germany's 1949 constitution, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) with central executive authority. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". The Federal Government (Bundesregierung) consists of the chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the B ...

See also:

Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler North German Confederation 1867-1871, Chancellor of Germany - Reichskanzler 1871-1945, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the German Empire 1871-1919, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Weimar Republic 1919-1933, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Third Reich 1933-1945, Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler since 1949, Chancellor of Germany - Appointment mechanism, Chancellor of Germany - Votes of no-confidence, Chancellor of Germany - The chancellor's role, Chancellor of Germany - List of Chancellors since 1949

Read more here: » Chancellor of Germany: Encyclopedia II - Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler since 1949

In 1740, Frederick II (more commonly known as Frederick the Great) came to the throne and invaded Silesia, a province of Austria which was in turmoil after the death of the Emperor Charles VI. The invasion was the first shot of the War of the Austrian Succession (Silesia was to have passed to the rulers of Brandenburg on the extinction of its Piast dynasty according to a bilateral arrangement of 1537, subsequently vetoed by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I). After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect the new Austrian Arc ...

See also:

Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria, Kingdom of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault, Kingdom of Prussia - Expansion to Poland

Read more here: » Kingdom of Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg after attempts by General Kurt von Schleicher to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son Oskar, as well as intrigue from former Chancellor Franz von Papen following his collection of participating financial interests. Even though the Nazi Party had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two Reichstag general elections of 1932, they had slim majority in parliament within the Papen-propos ...

See also:

Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany - Chronology of events, Nazi Germany - Pre-War Politics 1933-1939, Nazi Germany - Consolidation of power, Nazi Germany - Social policy, Nazi Germany - Economic policy, Nazi Germany - World War II, Nazi Germany - Aftermath, Nazi Germany - Organization of the Third Reich, Nazi Germany - Head of State and Chief Executive, Nazi Germany - Cabinet and national authorities, Nazi Germany - Reich Offices, Nazi Germany - Reich Ministries, Nazi Germany - Occupation authorities, Nazi Germany - Legislative Branch, Nazi Germany - Military, Nazi Germany - Paramilitary organisations, Nazi Germany - National police, Nazi Germany - Political organizations, Nazi Germany - Service organizations, Nazi Germany - Religious organisations, Nazi Germany - Academic organizations, Nazi Germany - Prominent persons in Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany - Nazi Party and Nazi government leaders and officials, Nazi Germany - SS personnel, Nazi Germany - Military, Nazi Germany - Other, Nazi Germany - Noted victims, Nazi Germany - Noted refugees, Nazi Germany - Noted survivors

Read more here: » Nazi Germany: Encyclopedia II - Nazi Germany - Pre-War Politics 1933-1939

On 12 July 1806, on signing the Rheinbundakte' — the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine — sixteen imperial estates formally left the Holy Roman Empire and joined together in a confederation (the treaty called it the états confédérés du Rhin). Napoleon was its "protector". On 6 August, following an ultimatum by Napoleon, Francis II gave up his title of emperor and declared the Holy Roman Empire dissolved. In the years that followed, twenty-three more German states joined the Confederation. Only Austria, Prussi ...

See also:

Confederation of the Rhine, Confederation of the Rhine - Formation, Confederation of the Rhine - Member monarchies alphabetically, Confederation of the Rhine - Aftermath

Read more here: » Confederation of the Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Confederation of the Rhine - Formation

Weimar culture - Art. Ernst Barlach – sculptor Max Beckmann – painter, printmaker Otto Dix – painter Max Ernst – painter Conrad Felixmueller – painter George Grosz – painter John Heartfield – photomontage artist Erich Heckel – painter Käthe Kollwitz – printmaker, sculptor, artist Wassily Kandinsky – painter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner – painter Paul Klee – painter Gerhard Marcks – ...

See also:

Weimar culture, Weimar culture - Notable Cultural Figures of the Weimar Era, Weimar culture - Art, Weimar culture - Architecture, Weimar culture - Literature, Weimar culture - Music, Weimar culture - Theater and Film, Weimar culture - Intellectuals

Read more here: » Weimar culture: Encyclopedia II - Weimar culture - Notable Cultural Figures of the Weimar Era

While the predominant number of war crimes were attributed to Nazi organizations like the Schutzstaffel (SS), a number of Wehrmacht officers were charged with war crimes at the end of the war. In particular, OKW commander-in-chief Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and chief of operations staff Alfred Jodl were indicted and tried for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremburg in 1946. Both were convicted of all charges, sentenced to death and executed by hanging. The International Military Tribunal's judgement, however, ...

See also:

Wehrmacht, Wehrmacht - Background, Wehrmacht - History, Wehrmacht - Command structure, Wehrmacht - War years, Wehrmacht - Rebellion, Wehrmacht - War crimes, Wehrmacht - Prominent members, Wehrmacht - After World War II, Wehrmacht - Reference

Read more here: » Wehrmacht: Encyclopedia II - Wehrmacht - War crimes

Germans trickled in to major US cities in response to the Industrial Revolution, and the demand for cheap immigrant labor made the US an attractive destination for immigration. Following the revolutions in German states in 1848, a wave of immigrant refugees flooded the United States and became known as Forty-Eighters. Heavy German immigration to the United States occurred between 1848 and World War I, during which time nearly 6 million Germans immigrated to the U.S. The Germans became widespread throughout the Northern half of the country, e ...

See also:

German American, German American - First German Americans, German American - German Americans throughout the country, German American - Present Population, German American - Diversity, German American - Amish Mennonite and Hutterites, German American - German Americans Assimilation and World War I, German American - German Americans and World War II, German American - German-American Influence, German American - German-American presidents, German American - External link

Read more here: » German American: Encyclopedia II - German American - German Americans throughout the country

Main article: Charles IX of Sweden Prehistoric Sweden Early History Kalmar Union Modern Sweden A New Great Power Swedish Empire "Age of Liberty" Gustav's Absolutism Union with Norway Modernization Industrialization World War II Not till March 6, 1604, after Duke John son of John III of Sweden and brother of Sigismund III of Poland, had formally renounced his hereditary right to th ...

See also:

Rise of Sweden as a Great Power, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - Charles IX, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - The Ingrian War, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - The Polish War, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - The Thirty Years' War

Read more here: » Rise of Sweden as a Great Power: Encyclopedia II - Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - Charles IX

Japan has also attempted to make up for its role in World War II. Japan established a private consolation fund for comfort women who claim that they were used as sex slaves during the war. Japan has paid monetary reparations to many of the individual nations it invaded. It allocated $3.9 billion to the Philippines, Vietnam, Burma, and Indonesia. Many governments, including Thailand and China, relinquished their claim to Japanese reparations at the intergovernmental level (i.e.: the Chinese government recently began to claim that it had ...

See also:

Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Germany, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Japan, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - China PRC/ People's Republic of China ROC / Republic of ChinaTaiwan, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Singapore, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Japan In detail, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - War Criminal And Yasukuni, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Biological/Chemical weapons, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Textbooks, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Law, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Conclusion, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Resources

Read more here: » Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes: Encyclopedia II - Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Japan

On 7 November 1918, the anniversary of the Russian October Revolution, Kurt Eisner of the USPD declared Bavaria a "free state" – a declaration which overthrew the monarchy of the Wittelsbach dynasty which had ruled for over 700 years. Eisner became Minister-President of Bavaria. Though he advocated a "socialist republic", he distanced himself from the Russian Bolsheviks, declaring that his government would protect property rights. For a few days, distinguished Munich economist Lujo Brentano served as Mi ...

See also:

Bavarian Soviet Republic, Bavarian Soviet Republic - History

Read more here: » Bavarian Soviet Republic: Encyclopedia II - Bavarian Soviet Republic - History