History of Europe

Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The bones of first Europeans are found in Dmanisi, Georgia, dated 2,000,000 BC. The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 7th millennium BC in Bulgaria, Romania and Greece. The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BC. There is no prehistoric culture t ...

See also:

History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The origins

Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages, in Cyrillic Југославија) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. Translated, the name means Land of the South Slavs (jug in the word Jugoslavija means south). The first was a kingdom formed in December 1, 1918 as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was re-named the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in ...

Including:

• Yugoslavia - Origins
• Yugoslavia - The First Yugoslavia
• Yugoslavia - Yugoslavia during the Second World War
• Yugoslavia - The Second Yugoslavia
• Yugoslavia - Breakup
• Yugoslavia - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• Yugoslavia - Legacy
• Yugoslavia - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Yugoslavia: Encyclopedia - Yugoslavia

The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856 and was fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, the Ottoman Empire (to some extent), and Piedmont-Sardinia. The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea. Crimean War - The War. Crimean War - Beginning of the war. A new conflict was ostensibly provoked during the 1850s by an obscure religious dispute. Under treaties negotiated during the eighteent ...

Including:

• Crimean War - The War
• Crimean War - Beginning of the war
• Crimean War - Peace attempts
• Crimean War - The Siege of Sevastopol
• Crimean War - Baltic Theatre
• Crimean War - Final phase and the peace
• Crimean War - Characteristics of the war
• Crimean War - Major events of the war
• Crimean War - Prominent military commanders
• Crimean War - From the Ottoman point of view
• Crimean War - Berwick-Upon-Tweed
• Crimean War - Additional works

Read more here: » Crimean War: Encyclopedia - Crimean War

Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Roman (Byzantine) Empire Motto: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων (Greek: King of Kings Ruling Over Rulers) The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In certain s ...

Including:

• Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness
• Byzantine Empire - Origin
• Byzantine Empire - Early history
• Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I
• Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival
• Byzantine Empire - Golden era
• Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders
• Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline
• Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance
• Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire

Attila the Hun (Old Norse: Atle, Atli; German: Etzel; ca. 406–453 AD) was the last and most powerful king of the Huns. He reigned over what was then Europe's largest empire, from 434 until his death. His empire stretched from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic. During his rule he was among the direst enemies of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires: he invaded the Balkans twice and encircled Constantinople in the second invasion. He marched through France as far as Orleans before being turned back at Chalons; and he drove the western empero ...

Including:

• Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings
• Attila the Hun - Shared kingship
• Attila the Hun - Sole ruler
• Attila the Hun - Attila in the west
• Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death
• Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name
• Attila the Hun - Notes

Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia - Attila the Hun

Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the south by the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Caucasus. Europe's boundary to the east is vague, but has traditionally been given as the Ural Mountains and Caspian Se ...

Including:

• Europe - Etymology
• Europe - History
• Europe - Geography and extent
• Europe - Physical features
• Europe - Biodiversity
• Europe - Demographics
• Europe - Territories and divisions
• Europe - Political divisions
• Europe - Linguistic and cultural regions
• Europe - Lists and tables

Read more here: » Europe: Encyclopedia - Europe

The Eastern Orthodox Church (encompassing national Orthodox jurisdictions such as Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, etc.—see Eastern Orthodox Church organization) is a body of Christians which claims origins extending directly back to Jesus and his Apostles through unbroken Apostolic Succession. Its doctrines were formalized through a series of church councils, the most authoritative being the Seven Ecumenical Councils held between the 4th and 8th centuries. These councils were convened out of the necessity to resolve conflicts that ...

Including:

• Eastern Orthodox Church - Beliefs
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Trinity
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Salvation
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Tradition
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Bible
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Sin and redemption
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Incarnation
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Theotokos
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Resurrection
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Saints relics and the deceased
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Last Things
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Art and Architecture
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Church buildings
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Icons
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Incense
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Monasticism
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Fasting
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Almsgiving
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Baptism
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Chrismation
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Communion
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Repentance
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Marriage
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Orders
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Anointing with Holy Oil
• Eastern Orthodox Church - History
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The early Church
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Roman/Byzantine Empire
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Seven Ecumenical Councils
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Great Schism
• Eastern Orthodox Church - Conversion of the Slavs
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church in North America
• Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church today

Read more here: » Eastern Orthodox Church: Encyclopedia - Eastern Orthodox Church

Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam
Including:

• History of Islam - Introduction
• History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography
• History of Islam - Muhammad
• History of Islam - The spread of Islam
• History of Islam - The Fitna
• History of Islam - The Second Fitna
• History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power
• History of Islam - The decline of political unity
• History of Islam - The Ottoman empire
• History of Islam - Three Muslim empires
• History of Islam - The 20th century
• History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East
• History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis
• History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan
• History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel
• History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East
• History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions
• History of Islam - Present day
• History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism
• History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth
• History of Islam - Chronology
• History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers
• History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia - History of Islam

There are no fixed or universally agreed dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient Greek period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the Roman Empire, but historians use the term more precisely. Some writers include the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, while others argue that these civilizations were so different from later Greek cultures that they should be classed separately. Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, but most hi ...

See also:

History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

Read more here: » History of Greece: Encyclopedia II - History of Greece - Ancient Greece

The first recorded mention of Slav princes near Pannonia goes back to 803 CE. In 805, the presence of Prince Vratislav, Lord of Bratislava Castle, signifies the arrival of the second historic Slav in the Middle Danube. In an anonymous Bavarian geographic work Descriptio, Civitatum et Regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubiti, it mentions, in 817, the existence of 30 castles on the territory of the Principality of Nitra and 11 castles on the territory of the Moravian principality. In 822, emissaries sent by the Slavs visited Emperor ...

See also:

History of Slovakia, History of Slovakia - Archeology and prehistory, History of Slovakia - Early history of the pre-Slavic inhabitants, History of Slovakia - The first arrival of the Slavs, History of Slovakia - The Empire of Samo, History of Slovakia - The formation of Slav states, History of Slovakia - The Middle Ages, History of Slovakia - The Ottoman incursion, History of Slovakia - The Slovak national movement, History of Slovakia - The formation of Czechoslovakia, History of Slovakia - The breakup of Czechoslovakia 1938 - 1939, History of Slovakia - World War II, History of Slovakia - Czechoslovakia after World War II, History of Slovakia - Czechoslovakia – From creation to dissolution – Overview, History of Slovakia - Independent Slovakia

Read more here: » History of Slovakia: Encyclopedia II - History of Slovakia - The formation of Slav states

The earliest available evidence places the origin of modern Homo sapiens in Africa about 200,000 years ago during the Palaeolithic period. This occurred after a long period of evolution. Ancestors of humans, such as Homo erectus, had been using simple tools for many millennia, but as time progressed, tools became far more refined and complex. Humans also developed language sometime during the Paleolithic period, as well as a conceptual repertoire that included systematic burial of the dead and adornment of the living. During this period, all huma ...

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History of the world, History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers, History of the world - Agriculture, History of the world - State, History of the world - City and trade, History of the world - Bronze and Iron Ages, History of the world - The classical empires, History of the world - Age of kingdoms, History of the world - Rise of Europe, History of the world - Age of Discovery, History of the world - Twentieth century

Read more here: » History of the world: Encyclopedia II - History of the world - Hunter-Gatherers

The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in green on the map below). The 6th century also saw the beginning of a long series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire's traditional early enemies, such as the Persians, Slavs and Bulgars. Theological crises, such as the question of Monophysitism, also dominated the empire. Justinian I had perhaps already exerted effective control during the reign of his predecessor, Justin I (518–527). Justin I was a ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I

Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting. Orthodox services are sung nearly in their entirety. Services consist in part of a dialog between the clergy and the people (often represented by the choir or the Psaltis (Cantor). In each case the text is sung or chanted following a prescribed musical form. Almost nothing is read in a normal speaking voice with the exception of the homily if one is given. The church has developed eight Modes or Tones, (see Octoechos) within which a chant may be set, depending on the time of ye ...

See also:

Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Church - Beliefs, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Trinity, Eastern Orthodox Church - Salvation, Eastern Orthodox Church - Tradition, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Bible, Eastern Orthodox Church - Sin and redemption, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Incarnation, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Theotokos, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Resurrection, Eastern Orthodox Church - Saints relics and the deceased, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Last Things, Eastern Orthodox Church - Art and Architecture, Eastern Orthodox Church - Church buildings, Eastern Orthodox Church - Icons, Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions, Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting, Eastern Orthodox Church - Incense, Eastern Orthodox Church - Monasticism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Fasting, Eastern Orthodox Church - Almsgiving, Eastern Orthodox Church - Baptism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Chrismation, Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Communion, Eastern Orthodox Church - Repentance, Eastern Orthodox Church - Marriage, Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Orders, Eastern Orthodox Church - Anointing with Holy Oil, Eastern Orthodox Church - History, Eastern Orthodox Church - The early Church, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Roman/Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Great Schism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Conversion of the Slavs, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church in North America, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church today

Read more here: » Eastern Orthodox Church: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions

By 432, the Huns were united under Ruga. In 434 Ruga died, leaving his nephews Attila and Bleda, the sons of his brother Mundjuk, in control over all the united Hun tribes. At the time of their accession, the Huns were bargaining with Theodosius II's envoys over the return of several renegade tribes who had taken refuge within the Byzantine Empire. The following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (present-day Požarevac) and, all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, negotiated a successful treaty: the Romans ...

See also:

Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes

Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Shared kingship

Magnesia secured Roman dominance in the Mediterranean region. The destruction of Carthage and Corinth in 146 BCE merely confirmed this. Despite this, Greek culture and religion remained dominant in the West Mediterranean. Indeed Greek Syncretism accommodated Roman Gods as merely the different names of Greek Gods - Celtic Gods were to be similarly co-opted later. On the other hand the revolt of the Maccabees in Judea was merely the rejection of Greek culture for which we have the most detailed records. Probably, the establishment of Parthian ...

See also:

History of West Eurasia, History of West Eurasia - Early Classical, History of West Eurasia - Roman Dominance, History of West Eurasia - The Fall of Rome, History of West Eurasia - A Multipolar Subcontinent

Read more here: » History of West Eurasia: Encyclopedia II - History of West Eurasia - Roman Dominance

On September 17, 1991, the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia, under the name of the Republic of Macedonia. Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name. However, international recognition of the new country was delayed by Greece's objection to the use of what it considered a Hellenic name and national symbols, as well as controversial clauses in the Republic's constitution. To compromise, the United Nations recognised the state under th ...

See also:

History of the Republic of Macedonia, History of the Republic of Macedonia - 1912-1944, History of the Republic of Macedonia - 1944-1949, History of the Republic of Macedonia - 1990s, History of the Republic of Macedonia - 2000s

Read more here: » History of the Republic of Macedonia: Encyclopedia II - History of the Republic of Macedonia - 1990s

See also The Serbia Series: See also: List of Serbian monarchs, History of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia and Montenegro History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century. Main article: History of Medieval Serbia The Serbs entered their present territory early in the 7th century, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations: Raška Bosnia Duklja/Zeta Zahum ...

See also:

History of Serbia, History of Serbia - History, History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century, History of Serbia - Turkish conquest, History of Serbia - Modern Serbia, History of Serbia - The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia - Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Read more here: » History of Serbia: Encyclopedia II - History of Serbia - History

Some archaeologists propose that the Proto-Illyrians settled in what would become Illyria as early as the Early Bronze Age, and presumably soon mingled with the previous non-Indo-European inhabitants. This mixture would eventually result in the formation of the Illyrian tribes who inhabited Illyria in the Classical period---the Autariatae, Dassaretae, Chelidones, Taulanti, etc.---who were kin to tribes further north, also ...

See also:

Illyria, Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes, Illyria - Illyrian kingdom, Illyria - Religion in ancient Illyria, Illyria - Legacy

Read more here: » Illyria: Encyclopedia II - Illyria - Settlement of Proto-Illyrian tribes

Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting. Orthodox services are sung nearly in their entirety. Services consist in part of a dialog between the clergy and the people (often represented by the choir or the Psaltis (Cantor). In each case the text is sung or chanted following a prescribed musical form. Almost nothing is read in a normal speaking voice with the exception of the homily if one is given. The church has developed eight Modes or Tones, (see Octoechos) within which a chant may be set, depending on the time of ye ...

See also:

Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Church - Beliefs, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Trinity, Eastern Orthodox Church - Salvation, Eastern Orthodox Church - Tradition, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Bible, Eastern Orthodox Church - Sin and redemption, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Incarnation, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Theotokos, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Resurrection, Eastern Orthodox Church - Saints relics and the deceased, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Last Things, Eastern Orthodox Church - Art and architecture, Eastern Orthodox Church - Church buildings, Eastern Orthodox Church - Icons, Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions, Eastern Orthodox Church - Chanting, Eastern Orthodox Church - Incense, Eastern Orthodox Church - Monasticism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Fasting, Eastern Orthodox Church - Almsgiving, Eastern Orthodox Church - Baptism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Chrismation, Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Communion, Eastern Orthodox Church - Repentance, Eastern Orthodox Church - Marriage, Eastern Orthodox Church - Holy Orders, Eastern Orthodox Church - Anointing with Holy Oil, Eastern Orthodox Church - History, Eastern Orthodox Church - The early Church, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Roman/Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodox Church - The seven ecumenical councils, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Great Schism, Eastern Orthodox Church - Conversion of the Slavs, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church in North America, Eastern Orthodox Church - The Church today, Eastern Orthodox Church - Footnote

Read more here: » Eastern Orthodox Church: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Orthodox Church - Traditions

Economy of Europe - Pre-1945. Prior to World War II, Europe's major financial and industrial states were the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The Industrial Revolution, which began in England, had spread rapidly across Europe, and before long the entire continent was at a high level of industry. World War I had briefly led to the industries of some European states stalling, but in the run-u ...

See also:

Economy of Europe, Economy of Europe - Economic development, Economy of Europe - Pre-1945, Economy of Europe - 1945-1990, Economy of Europe - 1991-2003, Economy of Europe - 2004, Economy of Europe - Future, Economy of Europe - Regional variation, Economy of Europe - Trade blocs, Economy of Europe - European Union, Economy of Europe - European Free Trade Association, Economy of Europe - European Economic Area, Economy of Europe - Commonwealth of Independent States, Economy of Europe - Central European Free Trade Agreement, Economy of Europe - Currency and Central Banks, Economy of Europe - Stock exchanges, Economy of Europe - Economic sectors, Economy of Europe - Agriculture and fishing, Economy of Europe - Manufacturing, Economy of Europe - Investing and banking, Economy of Europe - Global trade relations, Economy of Europe - Economy by country, Economy of Europe - Lists

Read more here: » Economy of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Europe - Economic development