History of Ancient Egypt

The Great Pyramid of Giza (29°58′41″N, 31°07′53″E) is the oldest and last remaining of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is generally believed the Great Pyramid was built as the tomb of Fourth dynasty Egyptian king Khufu (also known under his Greek name Cheops and believed to have reigned from 2606-2583 BC), after whom it is sometimes called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu. Traditionally, the architect of the ...

Including:

• Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location
• Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction
• Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor

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Smenkhkare's parentage is unknown - the leading theories are that he is a son of Akhenaten or of Amenhotep III. Unlike the majority of other Pharaohs, the only claim he made was to have been "beloved" of Akhenaten, but he never states that the latter was his father. Moreover, whenever any of Akhenaten's daughters were referenced, they were referred to as "the king's daughter, of his loins, (daughter's name)." That there was no reference to another son would seem unlikely in such a patriarchal society. Furthermore, as evidenced by Cyril Aldre ...

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Smenkhkare, Smenkhkare - Identity, Smenkhkare - Family, Smenkhkare - Tomb

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Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third, Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Third Intermediate Period. The Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt originated in Kush at the city-state of Napata, from whence they invaded and took control of Egypt under Piye (spelled Piankhi in older works). Manetho does not mention either the first king Piye, or the last king Tantamani, although ...

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As with most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had a number of names. Her birth name, or nomen, was Hatshepsut, to which she suffixed the epithet Khenmetamun, and prefixed the praenomen, or throne name Maat-ka-re. Her names are written as shown in Egyptian hieroglyphs on the right; Maat-ka-re to the top and Hatshepsut to the bottom. Maat-ka-re means "Maàt is the ka-spirit of Ra" and Hatshepsut means "Foremost of distinguished women, Joined with Amun". Together they mean "Maàt is the ka-spirit of Ra, Foremost of distin ...

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Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

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In 1907, Arthur Weigall and Theodore Davis discovered a tomb known as "Tomb 55" in the Valley of the Kings. The tomb itself is a mystery, as the door bears the name Tutankhamen, the shrine and sarcophagus indicate that they were designed for Akhenaten's wife Kiya, and a very poorly preserved body that is considered, with about 80% certainty, to be male around 20 years of age. There are some indications that the body shares common traits with Tutankhamen, suggesting a close relative, but the poor degree of preservation makes this difficult to ...

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Smenkhkare, Smenkhkare - Identity, Smenkhkare - Family, Smenkhkare - Tomb

Read more here: » Smenkhkare: Encyclopedia II - Smenkhkare - Tomb

She was the eldest daughter of Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose, both of whom were of fully royal blood. Thutmose I and Ahmose are known to have had only one other child, a daughter Akhbetneferu (Neferubity), who died in infancy. Thutmose I had been married to Mutnofret before Ahmose, and produced several half-brothers to Hatshepsut: Wadjmose, Amenose, Thutmose II, and possibly Ramose, through that union. Both Wadjmose and Amenose were prepared to succeed their father, but neither lived beyond adolescence. In childhood, Hatshepsut is believed to ...

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Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

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Afrocentrists claim that early dynastic Egypt was a black civilization.[citation needed] Modern geopolitics generally place Egypt in the Middle East; however, geographically, the entirety of dynastic Egypt, as well as the modern-day nation (except for the Sinai peninsula) fall within the African continent. Afrocentrists argue that the salient, cultural characteristics of ancient Egypt are indigenous to Africa and that these features are present in other African civilizations.[citation needed] Critic ...

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Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity, Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity, Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa, Afrocentrism - A different world-view, Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians

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The beginnings of modern Afrocentric scholarship can be found in the work of African-American and Caribbean intellectuals early in the twentieth century. Publications such as The Crisis and the Journal of Negro History sought to counter the prevailing view in the West that Africa had contributed nothing of value to human history that was not the result of incursions by Europeans and Arabs. These journals asserted the fundamental blackness of ancient Egypt and investigated the history of black Africa. Editor of The Crisis ...

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Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity, Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity, Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa, Afrocentrism - A different world-view, Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians

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History of Africa - Portuguese. With the Battle of Ceuta Africa had ceased to belong solely to the Mediterranean world. Among those who fought there was one, Prince Henry "the Navigator," son of King John I, who was fired with the ambition to acquire for Portugal the unknown parts of Africa. Under his inspiration and direction was begun that series of voyages of exploration which resulted in the circumnavigation of Africa and the esta ...

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History of Africa, History of Africa - Paleolithic, History of Africa - Evolution of hominids and Homo sapiens in Africa, History of Africa - Neolithic prehistoric cultures, History of Africa - North Africa, History of Africa - Sub-Saharan Africa, History of Africa - History of North Africa 3500 B.C. - 1500 A.D., History of Africa - Ancient Egypt, History of Africa - Phoenician Greek and Roman colonization, History of Africa - Dark Age, History of Africa - Islamisation, History of Africa - History of Sub-Saharan Africa until 1500 A.D., History of Africa - Medieval empires, History of Africa - European exploration and conquest, History of Africa - Portuguese, History of Africa - 19th Century European explorers, History of Africa - Partition among European Powers, History of Africa - Conflicting ambitions of the European powers, History of Africa - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85, History of Africa - 20th Century: 1900-1945, History of Africa - Africa at the start of the 20th century, History of Africa - Interbellum, History of Africa - World War II, History of Africa - Postcolonial era:1945-present, History of Africa - Decolonization, History of Africa - Postcolonial Relationship with Europe, History of Africa - The Cold War in Africa, History of Africa - Pan-Africanism, History of Africa - Central Africa, History of Africa - East Africa, History of Africa - North Africa, History of Africa - Southern Africa, History of Africa - West Africa

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At construction, the Great Pyramid was 280 Egyptian Old Royal Cubits tall (146.5 metres or 481 feet), but due to erosion and the theft of its topmost stone (the so-called pyramidion) its current height is 455.21 ft, approximately 138.75 m. As has been proven by papyrus documents, each base side measured in antiquity 440 (20.63 inch) royal cubits. Thus, the Great Pyramid base was originally 231 m on a side and covered approximately 53,000 square metres with an angle of 51.7 degrees—close to the idea for a stable pyramidal structur ...

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Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location, Great Pyramid of Giza - Dating evidence, Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction and internal layout, Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor and construction theories, Great Pyramid of Giza - Alternative theories

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main article: Ancient Near East Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch. Agriculture in Mesopotamia Domestication of sheep and goats in the Middle East Circa 8350 BC – Neolithic settlement at Jericho Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC. Circa 8000 BC–Settlements at Nevali Cori in present-day Turkey are established.

Imhotep is also the name of a fictional character played by Boris Karloff in the 1932 movie The Mummy, and of a similar character played by Arnold Vosloo in the 1999 movie The Mummy and its 2001 sequel The Mummy Returns. The architect Imhotep most likely provided the name (but just the name) for the character. 'Imhotep' is also the name of the mortuary priest in Agatha Christie's novel 'Death Comes as the End'. 'Imhotep' is also the name of wide receiver Imhotep Durham for the Virginia Cavaliers football team for the year of 2004. 'Imhotep' is also the name ...

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Imhotep, Imhotep - Fringe theories, Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

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Critics of Afrocentrism counter that much historical Afrocentric research simply lacks scientific merit and that it actually seeks to supplant and counter one form of racism with another, rather than attempt to arrive at the truth. Among scholarly critics, Mary Lefkowitz's Not out of Africa is widely regarded as the foremost critical work. In it, she contends Afrocentric historical claims are grounded in identity politics and myth rather than sound scholarship. Like most other classical scholars, she rejects James's views on the groun ...

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Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity, Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity, Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa, Afrocentrism - A different world-view, Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians, Afrocentrism - Related topics

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Many varied estimates have been made regarding the labor force needed to construct the Great Pyramid. Herodotus, the Greek historian in the 5th century BC, estimated that construction may have required the labor of 100,000 workers for 20 years. Recent evidence has been found that suggests the workforce was in fact paid, which would require accounting and bureaucratic skills of a high order. Polish architect Wieslaw Kozinski believed that it took as many as 25 men to transport a 1.5-ton stone block; based on this, he estimated the workforce t ...

See also:

Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location, Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction, Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor

Read more here: » Great Pyramid of Giza: Encyclopedia II - Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor

Believed by mainstream egyptologists to have been constructed in approximately 20 years, the most widely accepted estimate for its date of completion is c. 2580 BC. This date is supported by archæological findings, since extensive excavations have revealed no civilization (of sufficient population size) older than the fourth dynasty in the area. In 1984, the Edgar Cayce Foundation, endeavoring to research the claim that the pyramids were about 10,000 years old, funded the "David H. Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project". The project took ...

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Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location, Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction, Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor

Read more here: » Great Pyramid of Giza: Encyclopedia II - Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location

Many varied estimates have been made regarding the labor force needed to construct the Great Pyramid. Herodotus, the Greek historian in the 5th century BC, estimated that construction may have required the labor of 100,000 workers for 20 years. Recent evidence has been found that suggests the workforce was in fact paid, which would require accounting and bureaucratic skills of a high order.Polish architect Wieslaw Kozinski believed that it took as many as 25 men to transport a 1.5-ton stone block; based on this, he estimated the workforce to ...

See also:

Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location, Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction, Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor

Read more here: » Great Pyramid of Giza: Encyclopedia II - Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor

(circa since 1453 when Ottoman emirs captured Constantinople) (main article: History of the Ottoman Empire) 1869 - Construction of the Suez Canal is completed. ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

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(The dominance of the Arabs came to a sudden end in the mid 11th century with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks) c. 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Kaffa (Feodosiya) reached the port of Messina and spreads the Black Death (see also: Turks, Crusaders, Mongols) ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC. Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia and Afghanistan Hellenic Greek culture spread ...

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Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East

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In common with many other monumental structures from antiquity, the Great Pyramid has over time been the subject of a great number of speculative or alternative publications, which put forward a variety of explanations about its origins, dating, construction and purpose. In support of their claims such accounts either rely upon novel reinterpretations of the available data from fields such as archaeology, history and astronomy, or appeal to [[mythology|mythological], mystical, numerological, astrological and othe ...

See also:

Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location, Great Pyramid of Giza - Dating evidence, Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction and internal layout, Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor and construction theories, Great Pyramid of Giza - Alternative theories

Read more here: » Great Pyramid of Giza: Encyclopedia II - Great Pyramid of Giza - Alternative theories

Many varied estimates have been made regarding the labor force needed to construct the Great Pyramid. Herodotus, the Greek historian in the 5th century BC, estimated that construction may have required the labor of 100,000 workers for 20 years. Recent evidence has been found that suggests the workforce was in fact paid, which would require accounting and bureaucratic skills of a high order. Polish architect Wieslaw Kozinski believed that it took as many as 25 men to transport a 1.5-ton stone block; based on this, he estimated the workforce t ...

See also:

Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Pyramid of Giza - Age and location, Great Pyramid of Giza - Dating evidence, Great Pyramid of Giza - Construction and internal layout, Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor and construction theories, Great Pyramid of Giza - Alternative theories

Read more here: » Great Pyramid of Giza: Encyclopedia II - Great Pyramid of Giza - Labor and construction theories