History of Ancient Egypt

Egyptologists consider the Old Kingdom as beginning with the Third Dynasty, and around the time of the Fourth Dynasty, the art of embalming began. History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation. A cautionary note about embalming, mummification and preservation: To embalm and to mummify essentially mean the same thing. To embalm (from Latin in balsamum, meaning to "put into balsam," a mixture of aromatic resins) and the process of mummification are very similar in that corpses we ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

Read more here: » History of Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom

Manetho, also known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolematic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) and has had The Book of Sothis, an astrological work, attributed to him falsely. His work is of great interest to Egyptologists, and is often used as evidence for the chronology of the reigns of Pharoahs. Manetho - Name. The original Egyptian version of his name is now l ...

Including:

• Manetho - Name
• Manetho - Life and work
• Manetho - Aegyptiaca
• Manetho - Transmission and reception
• Manetho - Sources and methods
• Manetho - Content
• Manetho - Similarities with Berossos
• Manetho - Impact of Aegyptiaca

Read more here: » Manetho: Encyclopedia - Manetho

Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-Eighth Dynasty. The Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Eighth, Twenty-Ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-First Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Late Period. The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty of Egypt had one ruler, Amyrtaeus, who was a descendant of the Saite kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, and led a successful revolt against the Persians on the death of Darius II. No monuments of his reign have been ...

Read more here: » Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia - Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt

Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. Africanus' often accurate version of Manetho's Epitome states that it was comprised of a total of 9 kings beginning with a Stephinates(ie: Tefnakht II) and ending with Psammetichus III. Africanus also correctly notes that Psammetichus I and Necho I ruled Egypt for 54 Years and 8 Years respectively . The Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Eighth, Twenty-Ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-First Dynasties of ...

Read more here: » Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia - Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt

Aakheperure Amenhotep II (d. 1401/1400 BC) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1427 BC to 1401 BC and is thought to have enjoyed a reign of 25 Years and 10 Months as a certain Misphragmouthosis according to Josephus' version of Manetho's Epitome. An inscription containing the king's prenomen was written on a wine jar from Amenhotep II's funerary temple at Thebes. It is dated to this king's highest known date--his Year 26--and names the Pharaoh's Vintner, Panehsy. Amenhotep II - Reig ...

Including:

• Amenhotep II - Reign
• Amenhotep II - Tomb

Read more here: » Amenhotep II: Encyclopedia - Amenhotep II

Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. The Eighteenth, Nineteen and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, New Kingdom. The Eighteenth Dynasty is perhaps the most famous of all the dynasties of ancient Egypt. It included Tutankhamen, whose relatively undisturbed tomb was one of the greatest of all archaeological discoveries, Akhenaten, widely held to have promoted the first expression of monotheism, as well as a number of Egypt's most power ...

Read more here: » Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia - Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-Ninth Dynasty. The Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Eighth, Twenty-Ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-First Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Late Period. Nefaarud I, or Nepherites, founded the Twenty-Ninth Dynasty of Egypt (according to an account preserved in a papyrus in the Brooklyn Museum) by defeating Amyrtaeus in open battle, and later putting him to death at Memphis. Nefaarud made his capital at Mendes. On his dea ...

Read more here: » Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia - Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt

The identity of the Pharaoh whose praenomen is Ankhkheprure, who is usually known as Smenkhkare, is somewhat mysterious. Egyptologists do not even agree whether he was a man or a woman - although the position that he was a man is traditional, and more common. The difficulty is that Smenkhkare shares some names with Nefertiti, wife of Akhenaten, and it is possible that Nefertiti is Smenkhkare, as it is not unheard of Ancient Egypt for women ...

See also:

Smenkhkare, Smenkhkare - Identity, Smenkhkare - Family, Smenkhkare - Tomb

Read more here: » Smenkhkare: Encyclopedia II - Smenkhkare - Identity

See also:

Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-sixth dynasty timeline

Read more here: » Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-sixth dynasty timeline

Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He was, therefore, a lessor son of Thutmose I who chose to marry his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, to secure his kingship. While he successfully put down rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins, these campaign were specifically carried out by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often interpreted as evidence that Thutmose II was still a minor at his accession. Ineni, one of his court officials, even states in ...

See also:

Thutmose II, Thutmose II - Family

Read more here: » Thutmose II: Encyclopedia II - Thutmose II - Family

Critics of Afrocentrism counter that much historical Afrocentric research simply lacks scientific merit and that it actually seeks to supplant and counter one form of racism with another, rather than attempt to arrive at the truth. Among scholarly critics, Mary Lefkowitz's Not out of Africa is widely regarded as the foremost critical work. In it, she contends Afrocentric historical claims are grounded in identity politics and myth rather than sound scholarship. Like most other classical scholars, she rejects James's views on the groun ...

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Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity, Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity, Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa, Afrocentrism - A different world-view, Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians

Read more here: » Afrocentrism: Encyclopedia II - Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism

Amenhotep II was the son of Thutmose III and a minor wife, Hatshepsut-Meryetre. Amenhotep was certainly the junior co-regent to his father for 2 Years and 4 Months according to contemporary historical records since his accession date was "IV Akhet day 1" as noted in the Semna stela of Usersatet, the serving King's son of Kush under Amenhotep II, while Tuthmose III is recorded to have died on III Peret day 30 in the Tomb Biography of Amenemheb. Peter Der Manuelian's book "Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II" gives this translation of ...

See also:

Amenhotep II, Amenhotep II - Reign, Amenhotep II - Tomb

Read more here: » Amenhotep II: Encyclopedia II - Amenhotep II - Reign

Aegyptiaca (also called Aigyptiaka), the "History of Egypt," was Manetho's largest work, and certainly the most important. It was organised chronologically and divided into three volumes, and his division of rulers into dynasties was a new innovation. However, he did not use the term the way we do, by bloodlines, but rather, introduced new dynasties whenever he detected some sort of discontinuity whether geographical (Dynasty IV from Memphis, V from Elephantine), or genealogical (especially in Dynasty I, he refers to each succe ...

See also:

Manetho, Manetho - Name, Manetho - Life and work, Manetho - Aegyptiaca, Manetho - Transmission and reception, Manetho - Sources and methods, Manetho - Content, Manetho - Similarities with Berossos, Manetho - Impact of Aegyptiaca

Read more here: » Manetho: Encyclopedia II - Manetho - Aegyptiaca

Upon Thutmose II's death, the throne passed to Thutmose III, and Hatshepsut—as the boy king's aunt and stepmother—was selected to be regent until he came of age. At first it seemed that Hatshepsut was patterning herself after the powerful female regents of Egypt's then recent history, but as Thutmose III approached maturity it became apparent that she had only one model in mind: Sobekneferu, the last monarch of the Twelfth dynasty, who ruled in her own right. However, Hatshepsut took one step further than Sobekneferu and had herself crowned Pharaoh around 1473 BC, ...

See also:

Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

Read more here: » Hatshepsut: Encyclopedia II - Hatshepsut - Her rule

I am apt to suspect the Negroes...to be naturally inferior to the White. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white.... — David Hume, noted 18th century European historian, philosopher and essayist When we classify mankind by color, the only one of the primary races...which has not made a creative contribution to any of our twenty-one civilizations is the black race. — Arnold J. Toynbee, respected 20th century scholar, historian and author A Black skin means membership in a race of men which has never created a civilization of any kind. — John Burgess, 20th century sch ...

See also:

Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity, Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity, Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa, Afrocentrism - A different world-view, Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians

Read more here: » Afrocentrism: Encyclopedia II - Afrocentrism - A different world-view

Imhotep (sometimes spelt Immutef, Ȧmhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-ḥtp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physician known by name to written history. As the Pharaoh Djosèr's Vizier, he designed the Pyramid of Djzosèr (Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC, during the 3rd Dynasty. He may also have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. His ...

Including:

• Imhotep - Fringe theories
• Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

Read more here: » Imhotep: Encyclopedia - Imhotep

Hatshepsut - In Egyptology. After her death, many of her monuments were defaced or destroyed. Replacing the names on older monuments with the name of the current ruler was a common practice of pharaohs, but in some cases this is thought to have been an act of damnatio memoriae—condemning a person by erasing him or her from recorded existence[10]. Egyptologists have differing views on who defaced Hatshepsut's monuments and their possible motivations including resentment for the be ...

See also:

Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut - Family and pre-pharaonic life, Hatshepsut - Her rule, Hatshepsut - Builder pharaoh, Hatshepsut - Official propaganda, Hatshepsut - Names, Hatshepsut - Changing image, Hatshepsut - In Egyptology, Hatshepsut - In popular culture, Hatshepsut - Sources

Read more here: » Hatshepsut: Encyclopedia II - Hatshepsut - Changing image

Although no sources for the dates of his life and death remain, his work is usually associated with the reigns of Ptolemy I Soter (323-283 BCE) and Ptolemy II Philadelphos (285-246 BCE). If the mention of Manetho in the Hibeh Papyri, dated to 240/1 BCE, is in fact Manetho the author of Aegyptiaca, then he may well have been working during the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246-222 BCE) as well. Although he was Egyptian and his topics dealt with Egyptian matters, he wrote solely in Greek. Other works he wrote include Against ...

See also:

Manetho, Manetho - Name, Manetho - Life and work, Manetho - Aegyptiaca, Manetho - Transmission and reception, Manetho - Sources and methods, Manetho - Content, Manetho - Similarities with Berossos, Manetho - Impact of Aegyptiaca

Read more here: » Manetho: Encyclopedia II - Manetho - Life and work

Afrocentrism is a worldview or ideology that focuses on the black people and their contributions. More particularly, it often seeks to emphasize the contributions of black African peoples and the African diaspora over other peoples. Like any ideology or worldview, its proponents differ on many specific points but universally hold certain broad concepts to be true. Mainstream Afrocentric theory is critical of Eurocentrism. Afrocentrism holds that Eurocentrism has led to the neglect or denial of the contributions of Africa ...

Including:

• Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity
• Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism
• Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism
• Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity
• Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa
• Afrocentrism - A different world-view
• Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians
• Afrocentrism - Related topics

Read more here: » Afrocentrism: Encyclopedia - Afrocentrism

The relationship among racial, cultural and continental identities is one of the more difficult problems in Afrocentic thought. Despite the problems with a Eurocentric approach to history, there has been a common European cultural identity for many centuries. It is more difficult to make the same claim for Africa, in which diverse cultures often were unaware of one another's existence. For this reason, some Afrocentrists have been accused of manufacturing "African ...

See also:

Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and the argument of African cultural unity, Afrocentrism - History of Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - The debate over Afrocentrism, Afrocentrism - Egypt and black identity, Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa, Afrocentrism - A different world-view, Afrocentrism - List of notable Afrocentric historians

Read more here: » Afrocentrism: Encyclopedia II - Afrocentrism - Black-centered history and Africa