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History of Afghanistan | A Wisdom Archive on History of Afghanistan | | History of Afghanistan A selection of articles related to History of Afghanistan | |
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History of Afghanistan
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO History of Afghanistan | | | |  History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandhara under the MauryasChandergupta, the founder of Mauryan dynasty was living in Taxila when Alexander captured this city. Here he met Kautilya, who remained his chief adviser throughout his career. Gandhara was won back from the Greeks by Chandragupta Maurya. Having defeated Seleucus Nicator (Alexander's successor in Asia) in 305 BCE, the Mauryan Emperor extended his domains up to and including Southern Afghanistan. Using this area as his base Chandergupta led a rebellion against Magadha Empire and ascended to the throne at Pataliputr ...
See also:Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas |
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| | | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism Gandharan Buddhist missionaries were active, with other monks from Central Asia, from the 2nd century CE in the Chinese capital of Loyang, and particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. They promoted both Theravada and Mahayana scriptures.
Lokaksema, a Kushan and the first to translate Mahayana scriptures into Chinese (167-186).
Zhi Yao (c. 185), a Kushan monk, second generation of translators after Lokaksema.
Zhi Qian (220-252), a Kushan monk whose grandfather had settled in China during ...
See also:Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandharan art Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive Gandhāra style of Buddhist art, a consequence of merger of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art traditions. It was Parthian Period(50BC – 75AD) when we see development of Gandhara School of Art. Gandhāran style flourished beginning in the 1st century CE under the Kushan dynasty until the invasion of the White Huns in the 5th century.
See also: Greco-Buddhist art
Female spouted figure, terracotta, Charsadda, Gandhara, 3rd-1st century BCE.
Mother Goddess (fertility divinity), derived from the Indus Valley tradition, terraco ...
See also:Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandharan art |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Language
The Gandharan Buddhist texts are both the earliest Buddhist texts and the earliest Indian manuscripts ever discovered. Most are composed on birch bark and were found in labeled clay pots. Panini has mentioned both Vedic form Gandhari as well as the later form Gandhara in his Ashtadhyayi.
Gandhara's language, Gāndhārī, was a collection of related Prakrit or "Middle Indo-Aryan" dialects. Gāndhārī was written right-to-left in the Kharoṣṭhī script, which was ultimately adapted from the Aramaic alphabet. At the tim ...
See also:Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Language |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi After the fall of Sassanian Empire to Arabs in 644 AD Afghanistan and Gandhara came under pressure from Muslims. But they failed to extend their empire to Gandhara. Gandhara was first ruled from Kabul and than from Udabhandapura (Hind).
In 665 AD Kabul was put under siege by Arabs, but they never tried to cross Hindu Kush. Arabs never fully subdued Kabul and Gandhara was ruled from there by Turkshahi for next 200 years. Sometime in 9th century Hindushahi replaced Turkshahi. The date of Hindushahi takeover from Turkshahi (Also recorded as Kabulshahi) is not ...
See also:Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi |
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| | | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion Huns captured Gandhara around 450 AD. Huns did not adopt Buddhism and let Gandhara Civilization to decline. During there rule Hinduism revived in Gandhara. Sassanian aided by Turks destroyed Huns power base in Central Asia and Gandhara once again came under Persian suzerainty in 568 AD. When Sassanians were defeated by Muslim Arabs in 644 AD, Gandhara along with Kabul was ruled by Buddhist Turks.
The true picture of this period came to us through the travel records of many Chinese Buddhists pilgrims. These writings show that Gandhara ...
See also:Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Politics
Pakistan - Political history.
Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments. The first decade was marred with political unrest and instability resulting in frequent collapses of civilian democratic governments. From 1947 to 1958 as many as seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan either resigned or were ousted. This political instability paved the way for Pakistan’s first military take over. On October 7, 1958 Pakistan’s civilian and first President Iskander Mirza in collabor ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Politics |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Economy Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world and has faced a number of challenges on the political and economic fronts. Although a very poor country when it became independent in 1947, in the 1960s Harvard economists proclaimed it to be a model of economic development. In each of its first four decades, Pakistan's economic growth rate was better than the global average, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s.
Since then, the Pakistani government has instituted wide-ranging reforms, and ec ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Economy |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Demographics
Pakistan - Population Statistics.
Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, more than Russia, but less than Brazil; because of Pakistan's high growth rate, it is expected to overtake Brazil in population in the year 2020. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the apparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Demographics |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Tourism Pakistan's culture, people and landscape are very diverse. Pakistanis pride themselves on their tradition of hospitality "Mehman-nawazi" to guests. Tourism is a growth industry in Pakistan. Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many different peoples, including Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols and various Eurasian groups, all of which left differences in culture among the various ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion. Pakistan also contains the ruins of ancient places such as Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Kot Diji, Thatta, Bhamb ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Tourism |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Geography Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 square kilometres (land area of 778,720 km²), approximately the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom.
To Pakistan's east is India, which has a 2,912 km (1,809 mile) border with Pakistan. To the west is Iran, which has a 909 km (565 mile) border with Pakistan. To Pakistan's northwest lies Afghanistan, with a shared border of 2,430 km (1,510 miles). China is towards the northeast and has a 523 km (325 mile) border with Pakistan. To the south is the Arabian Sea, with 1,046 km (650 mil ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Geography |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Provinces and Territories See also : Main article: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Districts of Pakistan.
Pakistan comprises four provinces, two territories, and also administers parts of Kashmir. The provinces are further subdivided into a total of 105 districts.
Provinces:
Balochistan
North West Frontier Province
Punjab
Sindh
Two provinces, NWFP and Balochistan, also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) which are e ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Provinces and Territories |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Society and culture Pakistan has a rich and unique culture, and has actively preserved its established traditions throughout history. Prior to the Islamic invasion, many Punjabis and Sindhis were Hindu and Buddhist. This later changed during the expansion of Islam through Pakistan by the Ummayad General Muhammad bin Qasim and later by Mahmud of Ghazni and others. Many cultural practices, foods and monuments, shrines, have been inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors in all of Southern Asia. The Pakistani national dress, Shalwar Kameez is on ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Society and culture |
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| | | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts After the September 11 attacks, the United States demanded the Taliban authorities, who were not recognized as the legitimate government of Afghanistan by the United Nations or indeed most nations in the world, to deliver bin Laden to face trial for his crimes. The Taliban refused to surrender their "guest" and made a counter-offer to try bin Laden in an Islamic court or extradite him to a third-party country. As the aggrieved nation in the September 11, 2001 attack, this was unacceptable to the U.S. government. The following U.S. invasion of Afghanistan resulted in the death or arrest of many members of both Al Qaeda and t ...
See also:Osama bin Laden, Osama bin Laden - Background, Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood, Osama bin Laden - Turn towards extremism, Osama bin Laden - Appearance and manner, Osama bin Laden - Names, Osama bin Laden - Military and terrorist activity, Osama bin Laden - Afghan Jihad, Osama bin Laden - Formation of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden - Refuge in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden - Attacks on United States targets, Osama bin Laden - September 11, Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts Read more here: » Osama bin Laden: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Background
Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood.
Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to Muhammad Awad bin Ladin, a wealthy businessman involved in construction and with close ties to the Saudi royal family. There is no definitive account of the number of children born to Muhammed bin Laden, but the number is generally put at 55. In addition, various accounts place Osama as his seventeenth son, while others say he was the last of 25 sons. His family originally came from Hadhramaut, Yem ...
See also:Osama bin Laden, Osama bin Laden - Background, Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood, Osama bin Laden - Turn towards extremism, Osama bin Laden - Appearance and manner, Osama bin Laden - Names, Osama bin Laden - Military and terrorist activity, Osama bin Laden - Afghan Jihad, Osama bin Laden - Formation of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden - Refuge in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden - Attacks on United States targets, Osama bin Laden - September 11, Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts Read more here: » Osama bin Laden: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Background |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - KHAD - Involvement in the Civil War In the mid-1980s KHAD enjoyed a formidable measure of autonomy in relation to other Afghan state institutions.
KHAD reportedly has had some success in penetrating the leadership councils of the several resistance groups, most of which are headquartered in Pakistan. By the mid-1980s KHAD had gained a fearsome reputation as the eyes, ears, and scourge of the regime. Its influence was pervasive, and its methods lawless. KHAD's activities reached beyond the borders of Afghanistan to neighboring Pakistan and Iran.
On January 29, 1981 its headquarters on Ka ...
See also:KHAD, KHAD - Directors of the Organization, KHAD - Organization, KHAD - Political Factions, KHAD - Involvement in the Civil War, KHAD - Human Rights Read more here: » KHAD: Encyclopedia II - KHAD - Involvement in the Civil War |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - KHAD - Political Factions KHAD also had a political role that was clearly unintended by the Soviets. It was initially headed by Mohammad Najibullah, until he became President of Afghanistan in 1986. Its director, Najibullah, and other high officials were Parchamis. As head of the KHAD apparatus, Najibullah was also extremely powerful.
Consequently, KHAD evolved into a Parchami stronghold, equally zealous in the suppression of enemies of the revolution. Thus, KHAD was zealous in suppressing Khalqis ...
See also:KHAD, KHAD - Directors of the Organization, KHAD - Organization, KHAD - Political Factions, KHAD - Involvement in the Civil War, KHAD - Human Rights Read more here: » KHAD: Encyclopedia II - KHAD - Political Factions |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Afghanistan - Demographics Main article: Demographics of Afghanistan
The population of Afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups largely composed of Iranian and Turkic peoples. Because a systematic census has not been held in the country in decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are not available.[13] Therefore most figures are approximations only. According to the CIA World FactBook (updated on 17 May 2005), an approximate ethnic group distribution is as follows: Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Ai ...
See also:Afghanistan, Afghanistan - Origin and history of the name, Afghanistan - History, Afghanistan - Politics, Afghanistan - Subdivisions, Afghanistan - Geography, Afghanistan - Economy, Afghanistan - Economy References, Afghanistan - Demographics, Afghanistan - Constitution, Afghanistan - Culture, Afghanistan - Education, Afghanistan - Additional references Read more here: » Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Afghanistan - Demographics |
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| | | | | History of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Society and culture Pakistan has a rich and unique culture, and has actively preserved its established traditions throughout history. Prior to the Islamic invasion, many Punjabis and Sindhis were Hindu and Buddhist. This later changed during the expansion of Islam through Pakistan by the Ummayad General Muhammad bin Qasim and later by Mahmud of Ghazni and others. Many cultural practices, foods and monuments, shrines, have been inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors in all of Southern Asia. The Pakistani national dress, Shalwar Kameez is on ...
See also:Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Society and culture |
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