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History | A Wisdom Archive on History | | History A selection of articles related to History | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO History | | | |  History: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of history - History and educationOne common contention among philosophers is that current historical methods are regional, subjective and selective. A better method would tend, where possible, towards a more universal, objective and exhaustive approach.
The philosophy of history is intertwined with the philosophy of education because much of the basic history learned at the elementary level is aligned with regional biases, whether unabashed or inadvertent. Though some improvement has been made (In France and Germany, school history books are written altogether by fre ...
See also:Philosophy of history, Philosophy of history - Unit of study, Philosophy of history - History is written by the victors, Philosophy of history - Patterns in the past, Philosophy of history - Motive engine of history, Philosophy of history - Political philosophy and the philosophy of history, Philosophy of history - History and education Read more here: » Philosophy of history: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of history - History and education |
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| | | | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history Early theories of historical change were cyclical. This concept can be found among Greek and Roman historians of the classical era, such as Empedocles or Marcus Aurelius. In its classic formulation by Aristotle, the same things have always existed, passing through a cycle of changes. Giambattista Vico (1688-1744) elaborated this notion of history in his Scienza Nuova, (1725) a favorite of Karl Marx and James Joyce, who used the Vico's New Science to structure his Finnegan's Wake. The pattern Vico perceived in history was ...
See also:Quantitative history, Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history, Quantitative history - The spiral model of history, Quantitative history - Chiliastic linear theory of history, Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Methodology, Quantitative history - Simulation of the chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Simulation of the linear model of historical change, Quantitative history - Simulation of the cyclical trends of historical change, Quantitative history - Assumptions of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Retrospect and prospectus Read more here: » Quantitative history: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history The chaotic concept of history is characteristic of contemporary historians. This view is exemplified by Geyl's assertion that there is an
ingrained habit of the human mind to try to construct a vision of history in which chaos is reduced to order, characteristic of the discredited theories of historical change proposed during the nineteenth’s century. (Debates with Historians, 1955)
In another words, reality exists independently of ideas concerning it, is basically random, and we con ...
See also:Quantitative history, Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history, Quantitative history - The spiral model of history, Quantitative history - Chiliastic linear theory of history, Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Methodology, Quantitative history - Simulation of the chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Simulation of the linear model of historical change, Quantitative history - Simulation of the cyclical trends of historical change, Quantitative history - Assumptions of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Retrospect and prospectus Read more here: » Quantitative history: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of sport - Minority histories
History of sport - Women.
For many years, few women competed in sports; it was often frowned upon by society. At least in the United States, that changed mainly in the 20th century, although women's participation as fans or athletes is generally less than men's. The change is at least partly related to the drive for more women's rights. But as sports began to get popular amongs women, many women were shunned and told that it was a man's sport. Many women struggled to get noticed for playing sports and this causes ...
See also:History of sport, History of sport - Pre-history, History of sport - Ancient history, History of sport - Ancient China, History of sport - Ancient Egypt, History of sport - Ancient Greece., History of sport - Modern history, History of sport - Minority histories, History of sport - Women Read more here: » History of sport: Encyclopedia II - History of sport - Minority histories |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - The spiral model of history The prototypes of historical theories are the chaotic, cyclical, and linear theories of historical change. These basic forms exist in many modifications, e.g., Moyal’s (1949) use of Poisson distribution to model variations of the cyclical theory, logistic curve modification of the linear theory by the Club of Rome, or the convoluted spiral model of Marx and Hegel. Marxist theory of societal development spans the history of humanity in a series of five stages:
primordial communism
slavery
fe ...
See also:Quantitative history, Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history, Quantitative history - The spiral model of history, Quantitative history - Chiliastic linear theory of history, Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Methodology, Quantitative history - Simulation of the chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Simulation of the linear model of historical change, Quantitative history - Simulation of the cyclical trends of historical change, Quantitative history - Assumptions of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Retrospect and prospectus Read more here: » Quantitative history: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - The spiral model of history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history Methods of quantitative history are those of statistics, reinforced by computer algorithms for data analysis and visualization. A landmark in the study of secular trends was the publication of Makridakis and Wheelwright's (1978) Interactive forecasting: univariate and multivariate methods. In the 1970's, 1980's and 1990's William B. Michael edited a section on innovative computer programs in the Educational and Psychological Measurement. Most of these programs, supplementing the standard statistical packages as SAS or SPSS, wer ...
See also:Quantitative history, Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history, Quantitative history - The spiral model of history, Quantitative history - Chiliastic linear theory of history, Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Methodology, Quantitative history - Simulation of the chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Simulation of the linear model of historical change, Quantitative history - Simulation of the cyclical trends of historical change, Quantitative history - Assumptions of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Retrospect and prospectus Read more here: » Quantitative history: Encyclopedia II - Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - Alternative history fiction - History of alternate history fiction
Alternative history fiction - Antiquity.
The earliest example of alternative history appears to be Book IX, sections 17-19, of Livy's History of Rome from Its Foundation. He contemplates the possibility of Alexander the Great expanding his father's empire westward instead of eastward and attacking Rome in the 4th century BC.
Alternative history fiction - 19th century.
The earliest alternative history published as a complete work, rather than an aside or digression in a l ...
See also:Alternative history fiction, Alternative history fiction - History of alternate history fiction, Alternative history fiction - Antiquity, Alternative history fiction - 19th century, Alternative history fiction - Early 20th century, Alternative history fiction - Cross-time stories, Alternative history fiction - Introducing the paratime patrol, Alternative history fiction - Development of more sophisticated framings, Alternative history fiction - The Connecticut Yankee wins at last!, Alternative history fiction - Major U.S. writers explore alternate histories, Alternative history fiction - Contemporary alternate history in popular literature including the s-f genre, Alternative history fiction - Alternate history in the contemporary fantasy genre, Alternative history fiction - Elements of Alternate History, Alternative history fiction - The boundaries of alternative history, Alternative history fiction - Alternative history in other media, Alternative history fiction - Points of divergence, Alternative history fiction - Counterfactual and virtual history, Alternative history fiction - Sidewise Award for Alternate History, Alternative history fiction - Published alternative histories, Alternative history fiction - Online alternative histories Read more here: » Alternative history fiction: Encyclopedia II - Alternative history fiction - History of alternate history fiction |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of sport - Pre-history Some discoveries sources date from over 30,000 years ago, as established by carbon dating. These modern discoveries are from France, Africa, and Australia in the form of prehistoric cave art which provide evidence of ritual ceremonial behaviour (an example is Lascaux). Stone-age drawings were discovered in the Libyan desert depicting among other activities, swimming and archery.[1] The art itself is an example of interest in skills unrelated to the functional tasks of staying alive, and is itself evidence of there being leisure time availabl ...
See also:History of sport, History of sport - Pre-history, History of sport - Ancient history, History of sport - Ancient China, History of sport - Ancient Egypt, History of sport - Ancient Greece., History of sport - Modern history, History of sport - Minority histories, History of sport - Women Read more here: » History of sport: Encyclopedia II - History of sport - Pre-history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of sport - Modern history Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion.
Some historians – notably Bernard Lewis – claim that team sports are a primarily an invention of Western cultures. The traditional teams sports, according to these authors, springs from Europe, primarily England. This ignores some of the ancient games of cooperation from Central America and the Indian subcontinent. The Industrial Revolution and mass production brought increased ...
See also:History of sport, History of sport - Pre-history, History of sport - Ancient history, History of sport - Ancient China, History of sport - Ancient Egypt, History of sport - Ancient Greece., History of sport - Modern history, History of sport - Minority histories, History of sport - Women Read more here: » History of sport: Encyclopedia II - History of sport - Modern history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - Ancient history Early cultures identifed celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first "professional" astronomers were priests (Magi), and that their understanding of the "heavens" was seen as "divine", hence astronomy's ancient connection to what is now called astrology. Ancient constructions with astronomical alineations (such as Stonehenge) proba ...
See also:History of astronomy, History of astronomy - Ancient history, History of astronomy - India, History of astronomy - Mesopotamia, History of astronomy - Sumer, History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia, History of astronomy - Mesoamerica, History of astronomy - Maya civilization, History of astronomy - East Asia, History of astronomy - China, History of astronomy - Ancient Greece, History of astronomy - Middle ages, History of astronomy - The Copernican revolution, History of astronomy - Physics marries astronomy, History of astronomy - Modern astronomy, History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe, History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open Read more here: » History of astronomy: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - Ancient history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of Nepal - Modern History
History of Nepal - Toponymy.
The toponym "Nepal" may derive from the Sanskrit nipalaya, which means "at the foot of the mountains" or "abode at the foot," a reference to its location in relation to the Himalayas. Thus, it may be an Eastern equivalent of the European toponym "Piedmont." It has also been suggested that the name comes from the Tibetan niyampal, which means "holy land".
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See also:History of Nepal, History of Nepal - Ancient History, History of Nepal - Modern History, History of Nepal - Toponymy, History of Nepal - Formation, History of Nepal - Rana Administration, History of Nepal - Democratic Reform, History of Nepal - Democratic Failure, History of Nepal - Civil War Begins, History of Nepal - 2001 to the Present Read more here: » History of Nepal: Encyclopedia II - History of Nepal - Modern History |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of Nottinghamshire - Political History Until 1568 Nottinghamshire was united with Derbyshire under one sheriff, the courts and tourns being held at Nottingham until the reign of Henry III, when with -the assizes for both counties they were removed to Derby. In the time of Edward I the assizes were again held at Nottingham, where they are held at the present day. The Peverel Court, founded before 1113 for the recovery of small debts, had jurisdiction over 127 towns in Nottinghamshire, and was held at Nottingham until 1321, in 1330 at Algarthorpe and in 1790 at Lenton, being finall ...
See also:History of Nottinghamshire, History of Nottinghamshire - Historical setting, History of Nottinghamshire - English control, History of Nottinghamshire - Land division, History of Nottinghamshire - Political History, History of Nottinghamshire - Economy, History of Nottinghamshire - Relics Read more here: » History of Nottinghamshire: Encyclopedia II - History of Nottinghamshire - Political History |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - Mesopotamia
History of astronomy - Sumer.
History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia.
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See also:History of astronomy, History of astronomy - Ancient history, History of astronomy - India, History of astronomy - Mesopotamia, History of astronomy - Sumer, History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia, History of astronomy - Mesoamerica, History of astronomy - Maya civilization, History of astronomy - East Asia, History of astronomy - China, History of astronomy - Ancient Greece, History of astronomy - Middle ages, History of astronomy - The Copernican revolution, History of astronomy - Physics marries astronomy, History of astronomy - Modern astronomy, History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe, History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open Read more here: » History of astronomy: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - Mesopotamia |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - Ancient history - The study of ancient history The fundamental difficulty of studying ancient history is the fact that only a fraction of it has been documented, and only a fraction of those recorded histories have survived into the present day. Literacy was not widespread in any culture until long after the end of ancient history, so there were few people capable of writing histories. Even those written histories which were produced were not widely distributed; the ancients, not having the luxury of a printing press had to make copies of books by hand. The Roman Empire was one of the an ...
See also:Ancient history, Ancient history - The study of ancient history, Ancient history - Archaeology, Ancient history - Primary sources, Ancient history - Chronology, Ancient history - Prehistory, Ancient history - Important events, Ancient history - End of ancient history in Europe, Ancient history - Some prominent civilizations of ancient history, Ancient history - Europe and the Mediterranean, Ancient history - East Asia, Ancient history - Central and Southwest Asia, Ancient history - Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa, Ancient history - The Americas, Ancient history - References and further reading Read more here: » Ancient history: Encyclopedia II - Ancient history - The study of ancient history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of Japan - Japanese Pre-History
History of Japan - Paleolithic.
Main article: Japanese Paleolithic
The Japanese Paleolithic covers a period from around 500,000 BCE, when the earliest stone tool implements have been found, to around 12,000 BCE, at the end of the last ice age, which corresponds to the beginning of the Mesolithic Jomon Period. The Japanese paleolithic is characterized by the apparition of the earliest polished stone tools in the world, around 30,000 BCE.
History of Japan ...
See also:History of Japan, History of Japan - Japanese Pre-History, History of Japan - Paleolithic, History of Japan - Jomon Period, History of Japan - Yayoi Period, History of Japan - Ancient/Classical Japan, History of Japan - Kofun era Also known as the Yamato Period, History of Japan - Nara Period, History of Japan - Heian Period, History of Japan - Feudal Japan, History of Japan - Kamakura Period, History of Japan - Muromachi Period, History of Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama Period, History of Japan - Edo Period, History of Japan - Meiji Restoration, History of Japan - Wars with China and Russia, History of Japan - Anglo-Japanese Alliance, History of Japan - World War I to End of World War II, History of Japan - World War II, History of Japan - Occupied Japan, History of Japan - Post-Occupation Japan, History of Japan - The 'Lost Decade', History of Japan - Political life, History of Japan - Periodization, History of Japan - Japanese era names Read more here: » History of Japan: Encyclopedia II - History of Japan - Japanese Pre-History |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - Early history
History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization.
Early cultures of the Balkans were predominantly agricultural. Archaeologists have identified several early culture-complexes, including the Cucuteni culture (4500 BC - 3500 BC), Vinča culture (5000 BC-3000 BC) and the Linearbandkeramic culture. A notable set of artifacts is the Tărtăria tablets, which appear to be inscribed with an early form of writing. Also deserving mention is the Butmir Culture, found on the outskirts of present day Sarajevo. Likely over ...
See also:History of the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Early history, History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization, History of the Balkans - Hallstatt, History of the Balkans - Indo-Europeanization, History of the Balkans - Classical antiquity, History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire, History of the Balkans - Dacian kingdom, History of the Balkans - Greek city-states and their colonies, History of the Balkans - Empire of Macedon, History of the Balkans - Illyrian kingdoms, History of the Balkans - The Roman conquests, History of the Balkans - Christianity during the Daco-Roman era, History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations, History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples, History of the Balkans - Slavs, History of the Balkans - Magyars, History of the Balkans - Bulgars and Bulgarians, History of the Balkans - Vlachs Romanians Aromanians Morlachs Istro-Romanians, History of the Balkans - Balkan linguistic union, History of the Balkans - Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, History of the Balkans - Genoa colonies in lower Danube, History of the Balkans - Fourth Crusade in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Battle of Nicopolis, History of the Balkans - Eastern Roman Empire, History of the Balkans - Ottoman Empire, History of the Balkans - East-West Schism, History of the Balkans - Habsburg Empire, History of the Balkans - Rise of Independence, History of the Balkans - 1804 First Serbian Uprising and 1815 Second Serbian Uprising, History of the Balkans - 1821 revolt in Greece and Romania, History of the Balkans - 1829 Adrianople peace, History of the Balkans - 1831 Bosnian Rebellion, History of the Balkans - 1848 Revolution, History of the Balkans - Russian defeat in Crimea: the Balkan implications, History of the Balkans - Desire of Independence, History of the Balkans - April uprising, History of the Balkans - 1877 War, History of the Balkans - Secularisation in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Orthodoxy, History of the Balkans - The Pig War, History of the Balkans - Balkan Wars, History of the Balkans - First Balkan War, History of the Balkans - Second Balkan War, History of the Balkans - The Balkans in modern times, History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War I, History of the Balkans - World War II in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War II, History of the Balkans - Balkans during the Cold War, History of the Balkans - Post-Communism, History of the Balkans - Current state and perspectives, History of the Balkans - Reference Read more here: » History of the Balkans: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - Early history |
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| | | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - Early history
History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic cultures.
Early cultures of the Balkans were predominantly agricultural. Archaeologists have identified several early culture-complexes, including the Cucuteni culture (4500 BC - 3500 BC), Vinča culture (5000 BC-3000 BC) and the Linearbandkeramic culture. A notable set of artifacts is the Tărtăria tablets, which appear to be inscribed with an early form of writing. Also deserving mention is the Butmir Culture, found on the outskirts of present day Sarajevo. Likely overrun ...
See also:History of the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Early history, History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic cultures, History of the Balkans - Hallstatt, History of the Balkans - Indo-Europeanization, History of the Balkans - Classical antiquity, History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire, History of the Balkans - Dacian kingdom, History of the Balkans - Greek city-states and their colonies, History of the Balkans - Empire of Macedon, History of the Balkans - Illyrian kingdoms, History of the Balkans - The Roman conquests, History of the Balkans - Christianity during the Daco-Roman era, History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations, History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples, History of the Balkans - Slavs, History of the Balkans - Magyars, History of the Balkans - Bulgars and Bulgarians, History of the Balkans - Vlachs Romanians Aromanians Morlachs Istro-Romanians, History of the Balkans - Balkan linguistic union, History of the Balkans - Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, History of the Balkans - Genoa colonies in lower Danube, History of the Balkans - Fourth Crusade in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Battle of Nicopolis, History of the Balkans - Eastern Roman Empire, History of the Balkans - Ottoman Empire, History of the Balkans - East-West Schism, History of the Balkans - Habsburg Empire, History of the Balkans - Rise of Independence, History of the Balkans - 1804 First Serbian Uprising and 1815 Second Serbian Uprising, History of the Balkans - 1821 revolt in Greece and Romania, History of the Balkans - 1829 Adrianople peace, History of the Balkans - 1831 Bosnian Rebellion, History of the Balkans - 1848 Revolution, History of the Balkans - Russian defeat in Crimea: the Balkan implications, History of the Balkans - Desire of Independence, History of the Balkans - April uprising, History of the Balkans - 1877 War, History of the Balkans - Secularisation in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Orthodoxy, History of the Balkans - The Pig War, History of the Balkans - Balkan Wars, History of the Balkans - First Balkan War, History of the Balkans - Second Balkan War, History of the Balkans - The Balkans in modern times, History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War I, History of the Balkans - World War II in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War II, History of the Balkans - Balkans during the Cold War, History of the Balkans - Post-Communism, History of the Balkans - Current state and perspectives Read more here: » History of the Balkans: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - Early history |
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| | | | | History: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - Early history
History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization.
Early cultures of the Balkans were predominantly agricultural. Archaeologists have identified several early culture-complexes, including the Cucuteni culture (4500 BC - 3500 BC), Vinča culture (5000 BC-3000 BC) and the Linearbandkeramic culture. A notable set of artifacts is the Tărtăria tablets, which appear to be inscribed with an early form of writing. Also deserving mention is the Butmir Culture, found on the outskirts of present day Sarajevo. Likely over ...
See also:History of the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Early history, History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization, History of the Balkans - Hallstatt, History of the Balkans - Indo-Europeanization, History of the Balkans - Classical antiquity, History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire, History of the Balkans - Dacian kingdom, History of the Balkans - Greek city-states and their colonies, History of the Balkans - Empire of Macedon, History of the Balkans - Illyrian kingdoms, History of the Balkans - The Roman conquests, History of the Balkans - Christianity during the Daco-Roman era, History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations, History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples, History of the Balkans - Slavs, History of the Balkans - Magyars, History of the Balkans - Bulgars and Bulgarians, History of the Balkans - Vlachs Romanians Aromanians Morlachs Istro-Romanians, History of the Balkans - Balkan linguistic union, History of the Balkans - Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, History of the Balkans - Genoa colonies in lower Danube, History of the Balkans - Fourth Crusade in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Battle of Nicopolis, History of the Balkans - Eastern Roman Empire, History of the Balkans - Ottoman Empire, History of the Balkans - East-West Schism, History of the Balkans - Habsburg Empire, History of the Balkans - Rise of Independence, History of the Balkans - 1804 First Serbian Uprising and 1815 Second Serbian Uprising, History of the Balkans - 1821 revolt in Greece and Romania, History of the Balkans - 1829 Adrianople peace, History of the Balkans - 1831 Bosnian Rebellion, History of the Balkans - 1848 Revolution, History of the Balkans - Russian defeat in Crimea: the Balkan implications, History of the Balkans - Desire of Independence, History of the Balkans - April uprising, History of the Balkans - 1877 War, History of the Balkans - Secularisation in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Orthodoxy, History of the Balkans - The Pig War, History of the Balkans - Balkan Wars, History of the Balkans - First Balkan War, History of the Balkans - Second Balkan War, History of the Balkans - The Balkans in modern times, History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War I, History of the Balkans - World War II in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War II, History of the Balkans - Balkans during the Cold War, History of the Balkans - Post-Communism, History of the Balkans - Current state and perspectives Read more here: » History of the Balkans: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - Early history |
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